Orthodontic education in the UK: Evolution over the last 50 years and potential future developments

Ali K Alhaija ESA Raja M Zahra D Brookes ZL McColl E , et al. (2023) Blended learning in undergraduate dental education: A global pilot study. Medical Education Online 28: 2171700.

Almuzian M Mheissen S Wertheimer MB Khan H (2023) Global survey to assess preferences for attending virtual orthodontic learning sessions: Pre-webinar settings. Journal of Orthodontics 50: 157–165.

Atack NE Fowler PV Sandy JR , et al. (2022) Postgraduate Notes in Orthodontics. Bristol: Bristol University.

Atack NE Hathorn IS Semb G Dowell T Sandy JR (1997) A new index for assessing surgical outcome in unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects aged five: Reproducibility and validity. Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal 34: 242–246.

Bichu YM Hansa I Bichu AY Premjani P Flores-Mir C Vaid NR (2021) Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in orthodontics: A scoping review. Progressive Orthodontics 22: 18.

Booth AJ Hurry KJ Abela S (2022) The current dental school applicant: An overview of the admission process for UK dental schools and the sociodemographic status of applicants. British Dental Journal 232: 172–176.

Boyles JD Ahmed B (2017) Does student debt affect dental students’ and dentists’ stress levels? British Dental Journal 223: 601–606.

Harrison J (2023) Editorial. Journal of Orthodontics 50: 123–126.

Health Education England (2021) Advancing dental care review: Final report. Available at: https://www.hee.nhs.uk/our-work/advancing-dental-care (accessed July 2023).

Ho ACH Liao C Lu J Shan Z Gu M Bridges SM , et al. (2022) 3-Dimensional simulations and student learning in orthodontic education. European Journal of Dental Education 26: 435–445.

Hooper JD (1955) Orthodontics in the hospital service. Transactions of the British Society for the Study of Orthodontics 7: 43–55.

Houston WJB (1982) The evolution of a postgraduate training programme in orthodontics. British Journal of Orthodontics 9: 71–72.

Ireland AJ Atack NE Sandy JR (2013) Experiences of Wiki topic teaching in postgraduate orthodontics: What do the learners think? European Journal of Dental Education 17: e109–e113.

Ireland AJ Smith AS Alder DM Sandy JR Chadwick SM (2005) Building a learning community on-line: The first step towards a national virtual learning environment in orthodontics. Journal of Orthodontics 32: 214–219.

Jopson JL Haworth JA Atack NE Harrison JE Cobourne MT Cunningham SJ , et al. (2021a) The perceptions of undertaking a higher degree alongside orthodontic speciality training: A cross-sectional survey of British Orthodontic Society members. British Dental Journal. DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-3617-4.

Jopson JL Ireland AJ Fowler PV Sandy JR Neville P (2021b) Are dentists considering a career in orthodontic clinical academia? A qualitative study into the factors influencing a career in orthodontics. British Dental Journal 230: 308–313.

Jopson JL Ireland AJ Sandy JR Neville P (2019) Why dentists should consider a career in orthodontic academia. British Dental Journal 227: 741–746.

Mills JRE (1982) The place of research in education. British Journal of Orthodontics 9: 67–69.

Mulgrew B Drage K Gardiner P Ireland T Sandy JR (2009) An evaluation of the effects of a web-based modular teaching programme, housed within a virtual learning environment on orthodontic training for specialist registrars. Journal of Orthodontics 36(3): 167–176.

Ness AR Wills AR Waylen A Smallridge J Hall AJ Sell D , et al. (2018) Closing the loop on centralization of cleft care in the United Kingdom. Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal 55: 248–251.

Oliver GR Lynch CD Fleming PS (2020) What I wish I’d learned as an orthodontic trainee: An online survey of British Orthodontic Society members concerning postgraduate training experiences. Journal of Orthodontics 47: 116–128.

Sandy J Williams A Mildinhall S Murphy T Bearn D Shaw B , et al. (1998) The Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG) cleft lip and palate study. British Journal of Orthodontics 25: 21–30.

Sandy JR (1993) Postgraduates in orthodontics: How are they selected? Dental Update 20: 402–404.

Shah R Cunningham SJ (2009) Implementation of the virtual learning environment into a UK orthodontic training programme: The postgraduate and lecturer perspective. European Journal of Dental Education 13: 223–232.

Shaw WC Richmond S O’Brien KD Brook P Stephens CD (1991) Quality control in orthodontics: Indices of treatment need and treatment standards. British Dental Journal 170: 107–112.

Taylor GS Nicolson M (2007) The emergence of orthodontics as a specialty in Britain: The role of the British society for the study of orthodontics. Medical History 51: 379–398.

The Daily Telegraph (2023) The careers that will survive the AI revolution. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/ai-revolution-what-jobs-are-safe-highest-paying-salaries/ (accessed 1 September 2023).

Thurzo A Strunga M Urban R Surovkova J Afrashtehfar KI (2023) Impact of artificial intelligence on dental education: a review and guide for curriculum update. Education Sciences 13(2): 150.

Tsang S Mittal T (2023) Satisfaction of orthodontic Post-CCST training: A survey of trainee perceptions. Journal of Orthodontics. Epub ahead of print 20 April 2023. DOI: 10.1177/14653125231170020.

Woolley J Bister D Sherriff M Jeremiah H (2023) Aligning orthodontic education: Investigating the use of a digital app to improve the performance in managing orthodontic problems. European Journal of Dental Education 27: 1127–1135.

Wunderly J Richardson JF (1947) The need for reform in academic orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery 33: 597–611.

Ye F Liu L Yan B Zhao X Hao A (2021) Orthodontic simulation system with force feedback for training complete bracket placement procedures. Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware 3: 261–273.