As international climate and development policy and funding efforts accelerate, this article articulates an urgent new research agenda aimed at redressing the existing failure of policy and research to attend to gender in relation to climate mitigation (as opposed to adaptation). Focusing on the transfer and uptake of low carbon energy technologies, including a review of the literature on women and entrepreneurship and critical discourse analysis of the treatment of climate technology entrepreneurs by infoDev (World Bank) in Kenya, the prevalence of private sector entrepreneurial approaches to climate and development policy and practice in this field is demonstrated to be reinforcing gendered power imbalances.
AhlH.2002: The making of the female entrepreneur—A discourse analysis of research texts on women’s entrepreneurship (JIBS Dissertation Series No. 015). Jönköping International Business School.
2.
AhlH., and MarlowS.2012: Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end?Organization19, 543–56.
3.
AlstonM.2013: Women and adaptation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews—Climate Change, 4, 351–58.
4.
AWID. 2004: Gender equality and new technologies: Why new technology is a women’s rights issue. Facts and Issues Paper, 7. Association for Women’s Rights in Development.
5.
BrownH.C.P.2011: Gender, climate change and REDD plus in the Congo Basin forests of Central Africa. International Forestry Review, 13, 163–76.
6.
BruniA., GherardiS. and PoggioB.2004: Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Organisational Change, 17, 256–68.
7.
BuechsM. and SchnepfS.V.2013: Who emits most? Associations between socio-economic factors and UK households’ home energy, transport, indirect and total CO2 emissions. Ecological Economics, 90, 114–23.
8.
ButtnerE.H. and RosenB.1988: Bank loan officer’s perceptions of the characteristics of men, women and successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 3, 249–58.
9.
ByrneR., SmithA., WatsonJ. and OckwellD.2012: Energy pathways in low-carbon development: The need to go beyond technology transfer. In OckwellD. and MallettA., editors, Low-carbon technology transfer: From rhetoric to reality. Routledge, 123–42.
10.
CaniëlsM.C.J. and RomijnH.A.2008: Strategic niche management: Towards a policy tool for sustainable development. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 20, 245–66.
11.
Cartier and the Women’s Forum. 2011: Laureate 2011 of Sub-Saharan Africa -Lorna Rutto, EcoPost, Kenya, http://www.cartierwomensinitiative.com/candidate/lorna-rutto, last accessed on 13January2016.
12.
CasillasC.E. and KammenD.M.2012: Quantifying the social equity of carbon mitigation strategies. Climate Policy, 12, 690–703.
13.
ConnellR.W. and MesserschmidtJ.W.2005: Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19, 829–59.
14.
CornwallA., EdströmJ. and GreigA.2011: Introduction: Politicizing masculinities in development. In CornwallA.EdströmJ. and GreigA., editors, Men and development: Politicizing masculinities. Zed Books, 1–18.
15.
DankelmanI.2002: Climate change: Learning from gender analysis and women’s experiences of organising for sustainable development. Gender and Development, 10, 21–29.
16.
de MelS., McKenzieD. and WoodruffC.2009: Innovative firms or innovative owners? Determinants of innovation in micro, small, and medium enterprises (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4934). Development Research Group Finance and Private Sector Team, The World Bank.
17.
DentonF.2004: Gender and climate change: Giving the ‘Latecomer’ a head start. IDS Bulletin, 35, 42–49.
18.
EddyN., HarrisR. and KarlssonG.2014: Financing mitigation: Exposing gender gaps in financing climate change mitigation—and proposing solutions. Global Gender and Climate Alliance.
19.
Eriksson-ZetterquistU.2002: Construction of gender in corporations. In CzarniawskaB. and HopflH., editors, Casting the other: The production and maintenance of inequalities in work organizations. Routledge, 89–103.
20.
FoucaultM.1976: The history of sexuality, vol. 1: An introduction. Vintage.
21.
GaventaJ.2003: Power after Lukes: An overview of theories of power since Lukes and their application to development. Typescript, first draft, Institute of Development Studies.
22.
GuptaV.K., TurbanD.B., WastiS.A. and SikdarA.2009: The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 397–417.
23.
HennS.2012: Who needs college? Young entrepreneur bets on bright idea for solar energy. NPR All Tech Considered, http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2012/12/12/167062995/who-needs-college-young-entrepeneuer-bets-on-bright-idea-for-solar-energy?cc=share&sc=tw, last accessed on 13January2016.
24.
HertzN.2011: Women and banks: Are female customers facing discrimination?Institute for Public Policy Research.
25.
HeywardC.2012: A growing problem? Dealing with population increases in climate justice. Ethical Perspectives, 19, 703–32.
26.
IFC. 2006: Voices of women entrepreneurs in Kenya. International Finance Corporation and World Bank.
27.
infoDev. 2010: Climate innovation center business plan: Kenya, http://www.infodev.org/articles/kenya-climate-innovation-center-cic-business-plan-full-text, last accessed on 13January2016.
28.
infoDev. 2012a: Meet the lions—Global entrepreneurship week, http://www.infodev.org/highlights/meet-lions-global-entrepreneurship-week, last accessed on 13January2016.
29.
infoDev. 2012b: Revolutionizing ICT and agribusiness: A conversation with m-farm’s Jamila Abass, http://www.infodev.org/highlights/revolutionizing-ict-and-agribusiness-conversation-m-farms-jamila-abass, last accessed on 13January2016.
30.
infoDev. 2013a: Building a network of CICs, http://www.infodev.org/articles/climate-technology-read-more-about, last accessed on 13January2016.
31.
infoDev. 2013b: Growing innovation, http://www.infodev.org/, last accessed on 13January2016.
32.
infoDev. 2013c: Meet the dragon slayers: Profile booklet of top 50 entrepreneurs, http://www.infodev.org/articles/meet-dragon-slayers, last accessed on 13January2016.
33.
infoDev. 2013d: Women’s entrepreneurship program, http://www.infodev.org/gender, last accessed on 13January2016.
34.
infoDev. 2013e: Innovative cookstove business secures support from the Climate Innovation Center, http://www.infodev.org/highlights/innovative-cookstove-business-secures-support-climate-innovation-center, last accessed on 13January2016.
35.
JacobsonA.2007: Connective power: Solar electrification and social change in Kenya. World Development, 35, 144–62.
36.
JerneckA. and OlssonL.2013: A smoke-free kitchen: Initiating community based co-production for cleaner cooking and cuts in carbon emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 208–15.
37.
JorgensenM. and PhillipsL.J.2002: Discourse analysis as theory and method. SAGE Publications.
38.
KabeerN.1994: Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought. Verso Books.
39.
KabeerN.2008: Paid work, women’s empowerment and gender justice: Critical pathways of social change (Pathways of Women’s Empowerment Working Paper No. 3). Institute of Development Studies.
40.
LaclauE. and MouffeC.1985: Hegemony and socialist strategy. Verso Books.
41.
LeachM., ScoonesI. and StirlingA.2010: Dynamic sustainabilities: Technology, environment, social justice. Earthscan from Routledge.
42.
MagombeyiM.S. and TaigbenuA.E.2008: Crop yield risk analysis and mitigation of smallholder farmers at quaternary catchment level: Case study of B72A in Olifants river basin, South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 33, 744–56.
43.
MarlowS. and McAdamM.2011: Analyzing the influence of gender upon high-technology venturing within the context of business incubation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice36, 655–76.
44.
MarlowS. and PattonD.2005: All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 717–36.
45.
MulupiD.2013: Two entrepreneurs looking to transform agriculture through solar-powered irrigation. How we made it in Africa, http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/two-entrepreneurs-looking-to-transform-agriculture-through-solar-powered-irrigation/25674/, last accessed on 13January2016.
46.
NagelJ.2012: Intersecting identities and global climate change. Identities—Global Studies in Culture and Power, 19, 467–76.
47.
OckwellD. and RydinY.2006: Conflicting discourses of knowledge: Understanding the policy adoption of pro-burning knowledge claims in Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Environmental Politics, 15, 379–98.
48.
OckwellD. and ByrneR.2016: Improving technology transfer through national systems of innovation: Climate relevant innovation-system builders (CRIBs). Climate Policy, 16, 836-54.
49.
OckwellD. and MallettA., editors. 2012: Low carbon technology transfer: From rhetoric to reality. Routledge.
50.
Oxford English Dictionary. 2016: Definition of humble in English, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/humble, last accessed on 13January2016.
51.
PinesA.M., LernerM. and SchwartzD.2012: Gender differences among social vs. business entrepreneurs. In Burger-HelmchenT., editor, Entrepreneurship—Gender, geographies and social context. InTech, http://www.intechopen.com/books/entrepreneurship-gender-geographies-and-social-context/gender-differences-among-social-vs-business-entrepreneurs
52.
RobbinsS.J.2013: Bright Idea: Startup aims to advance solar energy in developing countries. Entrepreneur, http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/226451, last accessed on 13January2016.
53.
RolffsP., OckwellD. and ByrneR.2015: Beyond technology and finance: Pay-as-you-go sustainable energy access and theories of social change. Environment and Planning A, 47, 2609–27.
54.
SagarA. D., BremnerC. and GrubbM.2009: Climate innovation centers: A partnership approach to meeting energy and climate challenges. Natural Resources Forum, 33, 274–84.
55.
SchalatekL.2012: Democratizing climate finance governance and the public funding of climate action. Democratization, 19, 951–73.
56.
ScottJ.C.1990: Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts. Yale University Press.
57.
ScraseI. and OckwellD.2010: The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction. Energy Policy, 38, 2225–33.
58.
SeckM., Abou MamoudaM.N. and WadeS.2005: Case study 4: Senegal—Adaptation and mitigation through ‘produced environments’: The case for agriculture intensification in Senegal. IDS Bulletin, 36, 71–86.
59.
StephensJ.C., WilsonE.J. and PetersonT.R.2008: Socio-political evaluation of energy deployment (SPEED): An integrated research framework analyzing energy technology deployment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75, 1224–46.
60.
UNDP. 2012: Gender and climate finance. United Nations Development Programme.
61.
UNFCCC. 2012: CDM and women. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
62.
UrbanF. and NordensvärdJ.2013: Climate change economics: Financing low carbon development. In UrbanF. and NordensvärdJ., editors, Low carbon development: Key issues. Routledge, 81–93.
63.
WajcmanJ.2009: Feminist theories of technology. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 34, 143–52.
64.
WarnerG.2012: Kenyan women create their own ‘Geek Culture’. NPR All Tech Considered, http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2012/12/24/167961947/kenyan-women-create-their-own-geek-cuture, last accessed on 13January2016.
65.
WattS. and ChamberlainJ.2011: Water, climate change, and maternal and newborn health. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 491–96.
66.
XuZ., SheffieldP.E., HuW., SuH., YuW., QiX. and TongS.2012: Climate change and children’s health: A call for research on what works to protect children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9, 3298–316.
