The article argues that through explorations of differing identity formation among journalist groups according to socio-cultural contexts, Peace Journalism has to test the applicability and acceptability of its normative frameworks in different settings. The article identifies lessons Peace Journalism can include from other academic sub-fields to understand the professional life-worlds of journalists in post-conflict societies. The study proffers a meso-level investigation framework of journalists’ awareness of and negotiation with the circulation of ‘flaks’, ‘frames’ and ‘myths’ through the ‘feedback loop(s)’ they work within and re-categorizes micro-level findings from a study conducted in Kenya with this meso-level framework as an illustration.
AllanS (2011) Documenting war, visualising peace: Towards peace photography. In: ShawISLynchJHackettRA (eds) Expanding Peace Journalism: Comparative and Critical Approaches. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Sydney University Press, pp. 147–167.
2.
AllanSZelizerB (eds) (2004a) Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. London: Routledge.
3.
AllanSZelizerB (2004b) Rules of engagement: Journalism and war. In: AllanSZelizerB (eds) Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. London: Routledge, pp. 3–22.
BennettWLLawrenceRGLivingstonS (2008) When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
6.
BetzM (2015) Capacity building, institutional change and theories of change: Creating an enabling environment for journalists in post-conflict environments. In: HoffmannJHawkinsV (eds) Communication and Peace: Charting an Emerging Field. London: Routledge, pp. 219–232.
7.
BläsiB (2004) Peace journalism and the news production process. Conflict & Communication Online, 3(1/2): 1–12.
8.
BourdieuP (1993) The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
9.
Boyd-BarrettO (2015) Media and war propaganda: The value of exposure. In: HoffmannJHawkinsV (eds) Communication and Peace: Mapping an Emerging Field. London: Routledge, pp. 92–106.
10.
Boyd-BarrettORantanenT (eds) (1998a) The Globalization of News. London: SAGE.
11.
Boyd-BarrettORantanenT (1998b) The globalization of news. In: Boyd-BarrettORantanenT (eds) The Globalization of News. London: SAGE, pp. 1–14.
12.
BromleyM (2004) The battlefield is the media: War reporting and the formation of national identity in Australia – From Belmont to Baghdad. In: AllanSZelizerB (eds) Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. London: Routledge, pp. 224–243.
13.
BunceM (2010) ‘This place used to be a White British Boys’ Club’: Reporting dynamics and cultural clash at an international news bureau in Nairobi. The Round Table99(410): 515–528.
14.
Chow-WhitePMcMahonR (2011) Examining the ‘dark past’ and ‘hopeful future’ in representations of race and Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. In: ShawISLynchJHackettRA (eds) Expanding Peace Journalism: Comparative and Critical Approaches. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Sydney University Press, pp. 345–373.
15.
CohenSYoungJ (eds) (1973) The Manufacture of News: Social Problems, Deviance and the Mass Media. London: SAGE.
16.
CottleS (2006) Mediatized Conflict: Developments in Media and Conflict Studies. New York: Open University Press.
17.
EntmanRM (2004) Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
18.
FahmySNeumannR (2012a) Analyzing the spell of war: A war/peace framing analysis of the 2009 visual coverage of the Sri Lankan civil war in western newswires. Mass Communication and Society15(2): 169–200.
19.
FahmySNeumannR (2012b) Shooting war or peace photographs? An examination of newswires’ coverage of the conflict in Gaza (2008–2009). American Behavioral Scientist56(2): 1–26.
20.
GaltungJRugeMH (1965) The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research2(1): 64–90.
21.
HackettRA (2006) Is peace journalism possible? Three frameworks for assessing structure and agency in news media. Conflict and Communication Online5(2): 1–13.
22.
HackettRA (2011) New vistas for peace journalism: Alternative media and communication rights. In: ShawISLynchJHackettRA (eds) Expanding Peace Journalism: Comparative and Critical Approaches. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Sydney University Press, pp. 35–69.
23.
HallS (1973) The determinations of news photographs. In: CohenSYoungJ (eds) The Manufacture of News: Social Problems, Deviance and the Mass Media. London: SAGE, pp. 176–190.
24.
HallS (1993) Encoding/decoding. In: DuringS (ed.) The Cultural Studies Reader. London: Routledge, pp. 90–103.
25.
HallinD (1984) The media, the war in Vietnam, and political support: A critique of the thesis of an oppositional media. The Journal of Politics46: 1–24.
26.
HamelinkC (2015) Media studies and the peace issue. In: HoffmannJHawkinsV (eds) Communication and Peace: Mapping an Emerging Field. London: Routledge, pp. 34–48.
27.
HanitzschTHanuschFMelladoC, et al. (2011) Mapping journalism cultures across nations: A comparative study of 18 countries. Journalism Studies12(3): 273–293.
28.
HermanESChomskyN (1988) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Random House.
29.
KlaehnJ (2002) A critical review and assessment of Herman and Chomsky’s ‘propaganda model’. European Journal of Communication17(2): 147–182.
30.
LeeSTMaslogCC (2005) War or peace journalism? Asian newspaper coverage of conflicts. Journal of Communication55(2): 311–329.
31.
LynchJ (2004) Reporting the World: An ethical challenge to international news. In: PatersonCSreberny-MohammadiA (eds) News in the 21st Century. Luton: Luton University Press, pp. 261–274.
32.
LynchJ (2008) Debates in Peace Journalism. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Sydney University Press.
33.
LynchJ (2010) Propaganda, war, peace and the media. In: KeebleRTullochJZollmanF (eds) Peace Journalism, War and Conflict Resolution. London: Peter Lang, pp. 69–86.
34.
LynchJ (2011) Can the centre hold? Prospects for mobilising media activism around public service broadcasting using peace journalism. In: ShawISLynchJHackettRA (eds) Expanding Peace Journalism: Comparative and Critical Approaches. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Sydney University Press, pp. 287–316.
35.
LynchJGaltungJ (2010) Reporting Conflict: New Directions in Peace Journalism. St Lucia, QLD, Australia: University of Queensland Press.
LynchJMcGoldrickA (2010) A global standard for reporting conflict and peace. In: KeebleRTullochJZollmanF (eds) Peace Journalism, War and Conflict Resolution. London: Peter Lang, pp. 87–104.
38.
LynchJMcGoldrickA (2012) Reframing South African TV news as peace journalism: Interim findings from a field experiment. Communicare: Journal for Communication Sciences in Southern Africa31(2): 78–96.
39.
LynchJMcGoldrickA (2013) Responses to peace journalism. Journalism14(8): 1041–1058.
40.
LynchJMcGoldrickA (2014) Audience responses to peace journalism: Merging results from a four-country research study. Journalism Studies17: 1–19.
41.
LynchJMcGoldrickAHeathersJ (2015) Psychophysiological audience responses to war journalism and peace journalism. Global Media and Communication11(3): 201–217.
42.
McGoldrickA (2006) War journalism and ‘objectivity’. Conflict & Communication Online5(2): 1–7.
43.
NohrstedtSAOttosenR (2011) Peace journalism–critical discourse case study: Media and the plan for Swedish and Norwegian defence cooperation. In: ShawISLynchJHackettRA (eds) Expanding Peace Journalism: Comparative and Critical Approaches. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Sydney University Press, pp. 217–238.
44.
NohrstedtSAOttosenR (2015) Peace journalism: A proposition for conceptual and methodological improvements. Global Media and Communication11(3): 219–235.
45.
PalmerJFontanV (2007) ‘Our ears and our eyes’ Journalists and fixers in Iraq. Journalism8(1): 5–24.
46.
PatersonC (2011) The International Television News Agencies. New York: Peter Lang.
47.
PatersonCASreberny-MohammadiA (eds) (2004a) International News in the 21st Century. Luton: Luton University Press.
48.
PatersonCASreberny-MohammadiA (2004b) Shouting from the rooftops: Reflections on international news in the 21st century. In: Sreberny-MohammadiAPatersonC (eds) (2004) International News in the 21st Century. Luton: Luton University Press, pp. 3–27.
49.
PedeltyM (1995) War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents. London: Routledge.
50.
RantanenT (2004) European news agencies and their sources in Iraq War Coverage. In: AllanSZelizerB (eds) Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. London: Routledge, pp. 302–314.
51.
RuusunoksaL (2006) Public journalism and professional culture: Local, regional and national public spheres as contexts of professionalism. Javnost: The Public13(4): 81–98.
52.
SaidEW (2008) Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. New York: Random House.
53.
ScheufeleDA (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication49(1): 103–122.
54.
ShawISLynchJHackettRA (2011) Introduction. Expanding peace journalism: Comparative and critical approaches. In: ShawISLynchJHackettRA (eds) Expanding Peace Journalism: Comparative and Critical Approaches. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Sydney University Press. pp. 7–32.
55.
ShinarD (2007) Epilogue: Peace journalism – The state of the art. Conflict & Communication Online6(1): 1–9.
56.
ThussuDKFreedmanD (2003a) Introduction. In: ThussuDKFreedmanD (eds) War and the Media: Reporting Conflict 24/7. London: SAGE.
57.
ThussuDKFreedmanD (eds) (2003b) War and the Media: Reporting Conflict 24/7. London: SAGE.
58.
TumberH (2004) Prisoners of news values? Journalists, professionalism, and identification in times of war. In: AllanSZelizerB (eds) Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. London: Routledge, pp. 190–205.
59.
TumberHPrentoulisM (2003) Journalists under fire: Subcultures, objectivity and emotional literacy. In: ThussuDKFreedmanD (eds) War and the Media: Reporting Conflict 24/7. London: SAGE, pp. 215–230.
60.
WebsterF (2003) Information warfare in an age of globalization. In: ThussuDKFreedmanD (eds) War and the Media: Reporting Conflict 24/7. London: SAGE, pp. 57–69.
61.
WeightonL (2015) The ghost in the (news) room. Master’s Dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
62.
WinterJ (2010) War as peace: The Canadian media in Afghanistan. In: KeebleRTullochJZollmanF (eds) Peace Journalism, War and Conflict Resolution. London: Peter Lang, pp. 287–300.
