This research investigates the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of Al-Cu-Ni alloys in the as-cast, solutionized, artificially aged condition. In addition, the influence of cold-rolling followed by solutionizing/strain softening on the microstructure and microhardness was evaluated through a comprehensive analysis. Microstructural examination reveals that the addition of nickel to Al-Cu-Ni leads to refined dendritic structures and intermetallic phase formation. Texture analysis and microhardness measurements demonstrate the impact of mechanical and heat treatments on grain size, orientation, and material hardness. Tribological characterization reveals superior wear resistance in the heat treated Al-Cu-Ni alloy, attributed to intermetallic phases and refined microstructures.
RajRJSelvamPPughalendiM. A review of aluminum alloys in aircraft and aerospace industry. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol2021; 1671: 4512.
2.
Starke JrEAStaleyJT. Application of modern aluminum alloys to aircraft. Prog Aerosp Sci1996; 32: 131–172.
3.
Abd El-HameedAMAbdel-AzizY. Aluminium alloys in space applications: a short report. J Adv Res Appl Sci Eng Technol2021; 22: 1–7.
4.
Vaira VigneshRSathiyaP. Sacrificial anode materials to protect marine grade steel structures: a review. Corros Rev2024; 42: 303–330.
5.
MiladinovićSStojanovićBGajevićS, et al.Hypereutectic aluminum alloys and composites: a review. Silicon2023; 15: 2507–2527.
6.
VenclARacABobicI. Tribological behaviour of Al-based MMCs and their application in automotive industry. Tribol Ind2004; 26: 31–38.
7.
KlobčarDPušavecFBračunD, et al.Influence of friction riveting parameters on the dissimilar joint formation and strength. Materials (Basel)2022; 15: 6812, https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/19/6812.
8.
RamalingamVShankarKVShankarB, et al.Impact of aging time on the metallurgical properties and hardness characteristics of an Al-Si-Mg-Cr hypoeutectic alloy intended for automotive applications. Arch Foundry Eng2024; 24: 137–142.
9.
ShankarKVRamalingamVVKrishnaGPG, et al.Evaluating the impact of fly ash content on the dry sliding wear behaviour of Al–Si–Mg–Cu metal matrix composite for lightweight application. J Bio- Tribo-Corros2024; 10: 7.
10.
KarthikSVarun KrishnaKAnirudhaD, et al.Metallurgical and corrosion characteristics of AA7075 alloy reinforced with Nickel foam. Compos Interfaces2024; 31: 701–727.
11.
ToorZSZafarMM. Corrosion degradation of aluminium alloys using a computational framework. Tribol Mater2022; 1: 150–156.
12.
LinnZCSweWWMAung KyawS, et al.Experimental and numerical analysis on the thermal performance of the aluminium absorber. Tribol Mater2023; 2: 162–171.
13.
ZamaniMToschiSMorriA, et al.Optimisation of heat treatment of Al–Cu–(Mg–Ag) cast alloys. J Therm Anal Calorim2020; 139: 3427–3440.
14.
LiuHBellónBLlorcaJ. Multiscale modelling of the morphology and spatial distribution of θ′ precipitates in Al-Cu alloys. Acta Mater2017; 132: 611–626.
15.
SrivastavaNChaudhariGQianM. Grain refinement of binary Al-Si, Al-Cu and Al-Ni alloys by ultrasonication. J Mater Process Technol2017; 249: 367–378.
16.
ZhouLWuCLXieP, et al.A hidden precipitation scenario of the θ′-phase in Al-Cu alloys. J Mater Sci Technol2021; 75: 126–138.
17.
ShenZDingQLiuC, et al.Atomic-scale mechanism of the θ ″→ θ′ phase transformation in Al-Cu alloys. J Mater Sci Technol2017; 33: 1159–1164.
18.
KimKZhouB-CWolvertonC. Interfacial stability of θ′/Al in Al-Cu alloys. Scr Mater2019; 159: 99–103.
19.
GaoYYangCZhangJY, et al.Stabilizing nanoprecipitates in Al-Cu alloys for creep resistance at 30° C. Mater Res Lett2019; 7: 18–25.
20.
ShinDShyamALeeS, et al.Solute segregation at the Al/θ′-Al2Cu interface in Al-Cu alloys. Acta Mater2017; 141: 327–340.
21.
KangBKSohnI. Effects of Cu and Si contents on the fluidity, hot tearing, and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Si alloys. Metall Mater Trans A2018; 49: 5137–5145.
22.
CaiQMendisCLWangS, et al.Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and tensile properties of die-cast Al-Cu-Si-Mg alloys. J Alloys Compd2021; 881: 160559.
23.
AweSA. Solidification and microstructural formation of a ternary eutectic Al-Cu-Si cast alloy. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci2021; 33: 569–580.
24.
AweSASeifeddineSJarforsAEW, et al.Development of new Al-Cu-Si alloys for high temperature performance. Adv Mater Lett2017; 8: 695–701.
25.
MairPBraunJKasererL, et al.Unique microstructure evolution of a novel Ti-modified Al-Cu alloy processed using laser powder bed fusion. Mater Today Commun2022; 31: 103353.
26.
BayramÜMaraşlıN. Effects of growth rate on eutectic spacing, microhardness, and ultimate tensile strength in the Al–Cu–Ti eutectic alloy. Phys Met Metall2020; 121: 382–390.
27.
MaraşlıNBayramÜ. Investigations of electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity dependences on growth rate in the Al–Cu–Ti eutectic alloy. Int J Thermophys2021; 42: 94.
28.
ZiębaAStan-GłowińskaKDuraczyńskaD, et al.Rapidly solidified Al-Cu-Co quasicrystalline alloy: microstructure and catalytic properties. Arch Civ Mech Eng2024; 24: 127.
29.
MishraSYadavTMukhopadhyayN, et al.Synthesis of fine skeletal structure on Al–Cu–Co decagonal quasicrystals for hydrogen production through steam reforming of methanol. Int J Hydrogen Energy2020; 45: 24491–24501.
30.
GrushkoB. A contribution to the Al–Cu–Cr phase diagram. J Alloys Compd2017; 729: 426–437.
31.
RibeiroTMCatellanEGarciaA, et al.The effects of Cr addition on microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of as-cast Al–3.8wt.% Cu–(Cr) alloys. J Mater Res Technol2020; 9: 6620–6631.
32.
DarSMLiaoHXuA. Effect of Cu and Mn content on solidification microstructure, T-phase formation and mechanical property of AlCuMn alloys. J Alloys Compd2019; 774: 758–767.
33.
ZhangFShiDHeZ, et al.Precipitated phase characteristics and fracture behaviour of cast Al–Cu–Mn alloy. J Mater Res Technol2023; 25: 2815–2825.
34.
DingJCuiCSunY, et al.Effect of Mo, Zr, and Y on the high-temperature properties of Al–Cu–Mn alloy. J Mater Res2019; 34: 3853–3861.
35.
WangJLuYZhouD, et al.Influence of homogenization on microstructural response and mechanical property of Al-Cu-Mn alloy. Materials (Basel)2018; 11: 914.
36.
ZhangMWangJWangB, et al.Quantifying the effects of Sc and Ag on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Cu alloys. Mater Sci Eng A2022; 831: 142355.
37.
RodriguesAVLimaTSVidaTA, et al.Microstructure and tensile/corrosion properties relationships of directionally solidified Al–Cu–Ni alloys. Met Mater Int2018; 24: 1058–1076.
38.
AlexAJVigneshRVPadmanabanR, et al.Effect of heat treatment on the mechanical and wear behavior of friction stir processed AA5052 alloy. Mater Today Proc2020; 22: 3340–3346.
39.
RodriguesAVKakitaniROliveiraR, et al.Two-phase dendrite and bimodal structure in an Al-Cu-Ni alloy: their roles in hardness. J Mater Eng Perform2022; 31: 3704–3715.
40.
LuoLShanZYangH, et al.Optimizing Ni-rich intermetallic and mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures for Al-Cu-Ni alloys by coupling travelling magnetic fields with sequential solidification. J Alloys Compd2022; 921: 166069.
41.
BayramÜMaraşlıN. Thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity dependences on growth rate in the directionally solidified Al–Cu–Ni eutectic alloy. J Alloys Compd2018; 753: 695–702.
42.
SanninoAPRackHJ. Dry sliding wear of discontinuously reinforced aluminum composites: review and discussion. Wear1995; 189: 1–19.
43.
VenclAVučetićFBobićB, et al.Tribological characterisation in dry sliding conditions of compocasted hybrid A356/SiCp/Grp composites with graphite macroparticles. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2019; 100: 2135–2146.
44.
VenclAVaxevanidisNMKandevaM. A bibliometric analysis of scientific research on tribology of composites in Southeastern Europe. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng2020; 724: 012012.
45.
DhunganaAYadavSMehtaU, et al.Thermodynamic and surface properties of liquid Al-Cu-Ni alloys. J Mater Eng Perform2023: 1–11.
46.
WangWChenH-LLarssonH, et al.Thermodynamic constitution of the Al–Cu–Ni system modeled by CALPHAD and ab initio methodology for designing high entropy alloys. Calphad2019; 65: 346–369.
47.
ZuoLYeBFengJ, et al.Effect of ε-Al3Ni phase on mechanical properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Ni alloys at elevated temperature. Mater Sci Eng A2020; 772: 138794.
48.
JainSNaveenLKumarV, et al.Effect of Ni and Si alloying elements on the phase evolution, mechanical properties, tribological behaviour of Al–Cu alloys. Mater Chem Phys2023; 297: 127421.
49.
RodriguesAVLimaTSVidaTA, et al.Microstructure features and mechanical/electrochemical behavior of directionally solidified Al− 6wt.% Cu− 5wt.% Ni alloy. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China2021; 31: 1529–1549.
50.
BarathVVigneshRVPadmanabanR. Analysing the strength of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys using Sugeno Fuzzy model. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng2018; 310: 012043.
51.
LuoJLiuSPaidarM, et al.Enhanced mechanical and tribological properties of AA6061/CeO2 composite fabricated by friction stir processing. Mater Lett2022; 318: 132210.
52.
MaitySChandaDKRamasamyP, et al.Evolution of bimodal microstructure and high-temperature wear resistance of Al-Cu-Ni alloys. Metall Mater Trans A2020; 51: 109–115.
53.
BayramÜMaraşlıN. Influence of growth rate on eutectic spacing, microhardness, and ultimate tensile strength in the directionally solidified Al-Cu-Ni eutectic alloy. Metall Mater Trans B2018; 49: 3293–3305.
54.
PhateMToneySPhateV. Modelling and investigating the impact of EDM parameters on surface roughness in EDM of Al/Cu/Ni alloy. Aust J Mech Eng2022; 20: 1226–1239.
55.
MaitySShowBKBeraS. Fascinating microstructural evolution during consolidation and remarkable hardening behaviour of micro alloyed Al-Cu-Ni alloys. Adv Powder Technol2023; 34: 104183.
56.
RajASaravananR. Study of mechanical and tribological properties of LM9 alloy reinforced with BN and WC. Mater Today Proc2020; 24: 912–920.
57.
AditharajanAShanmugasundaramASaravananR. Effect of reinforcements on hardness and wear behaviour of the AISI 630 steel & fabrication of hybrid surface composite using GTA. Can Metall Q2024; 63: 23–34.
58.
GovindarajuMMegalingamAMurugasanJ, et al.Investigations on the tribological behavior of functionally gradient iron-based brake pad material. Proc Inst Mech Eng C: J Mech Eng Sci2020; 234: 2474–2486.
59.
PremkumarRVigneshRVPadmanabanR, et al.Investigation on the microstructure, microhardness, and tribological behavior of AA1100-hBN surface composite. Koroze a Ochrana Materialu2021; 65: 1–11.
60.
KumarBGYKumarRLRamalingamVV, et al.Corrosion and tribological characteristics of friction stir processed aluminium alloy AA5052. Transactions on Maritime Science2022; 11: 1–32.
61.
KannanKRVigneshRVKalyanKP, et al.Tribological performance of heavy-duty functionally gradient friction material (Cu-Sn-Fe-Cg-SiC-Al2O3) synthesized by PM route. AIP Conf Proc2019; 2128(020004): 1–12.
62.
KasiRKMurugesanNKJeyakanapathyA, et al.Development of functionally gradient Cu-Fe based sintered brake pad materials. Phys Scr2024; 99: 061501.
63.
KalidasPRamalingamVVMyilsamyG, et al.Numerical and experimental validation of tribological phenomenon in wind turbine brake pads using novel Archard's wear coefficient. Proc Inst Mech Eng J: J Eng Tribol2024; 238: 1103–1120.
64.
VelmuruganTSubramanianRRamalingamVV, et al.Effect of tool rotational speed on mechanical and tribological characteristics of friction stir processed CuNi/ZrC surface composites. Emerg Mater2024: 1–10.
