A comparison of microstructure and mechanical characteristics correlation of the joint specimens for duplex stainless steel UNS S32304 and super-duplex stainless steel UNS S32750: The role of post-weld heat treatment
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online September, 2024
A comparison of microstructure and mechanical characteristics correlation of the joint specimens for duplex stainless steel UNS S32304 and super-duplex stainless steel UNS S32750: The role of post-weld heat treatment
The present investigation studies the impact of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of joints made by gas tungsten arc welding between duplex stainless steel and super-duplex stainless steel specimens. The PWHT process was considered at 1100 °C for 10 minutes followed by water quenching on UNS S32304 and UNS S32750 materials. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray analyses have been applied in microstructure evolution, including recognizing local chemical contents and elemental distribution. To analyze the mechanical characteristics of samples, tensile and hardness tests were performed. It was shown that after applying PWHT, the morphology of the austenite varied becoming mostly intergranular/spheroidal in shape, accompanied by an improvement in the percentages of austenite. This investigation indicates the PWHT results in restoring an equal percentage of both phases. The phase percentages, based on both ASTM E1245 and ASTM E562, show a good agreement between the austenite and ferrite phases of weld materials. According to XRD, the phases are mainly ferrite and austenite with different lattice parameters with no evidence of unwanted intermetallic phases. It was concluded that the PWHT process plays a crucial role in the ductility of joint specimens due to the phase balance between austenite and ferrite.
ShiYHCuiSWZhuT, et al.Microstructure and intergranular corrosion behavior of HAZ in DP-TIG welded DSS joints. J Mater Process Technol2018; 256: 254–261.
2.
RokanopoulouASkarvelisPPapadimitriouGD. Welding design methodology for optimization of phase balance in duplex stainless steels during autogenous arc welding under Ar–N2 atmosphere. Weld World2019; 63: 3–10.
3.
SunKZengMShiYH, et al.Microstructure and corrosion behavior of S32101 stainless steel underwater dry and wet welded joints. J Mater Process Technol2018; 256: 190–201.
4.
HuYShiYHSunK, et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of underwater hyperbaric FCA-welded duplex stainless steel joints. J Mater Process Technol2018; 261: 31–38.
5.
ZhangZQJingHYXuLY, et al.The impact of annealing temperature on improving microstructure and toughness of electron beam welded duplex stainless steel. J Manuf Processes2018; 31: 568–582.
6.
HaghdadiNCizekPHodgsonPD, et al.Effect of ferrite-to-austenite phase transformation path on the interface crystallographic character distributions in a duplex stainless steel. Acta Mater2018; 145: 196–209.
7.
SunKZengMShiYH, et al.Microstructure and corrosion behavior of S32101 stainless steel underwater dry and wet welded joints. J Mater Process Technol2018; 256: 190–201.
8.
HuYShiYHShenXQ, et al.Microstructure, pitting corrosion resistance and impact toughness of duplex stainless steel underwater dry hyperbaric flux-cored arc welds. Materials (Basel)2017; 10: 1443.
9.
ManikandanMArivazhaganNArivarasuM, et al.Analysis of metallurgical and mechanical properties of continuous and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded alloy C-276 with duplex stainless steel. Trans Indian Inst Met2017; 70: 661–669.
10.
HosseiniVAKarlssonLEngelbergD, et al.Time–temperature precipitation and property diagrams for super duplex stainless steel weld metals. Weld World2018; 62: 518–533.
11.
NilssonJO. Super duplex stainless steels. Mater Sci Technol1992; 8: 685–700.
12.
ZhangZJingHYXuL, et al.The influence of microstructural evolution on selective corrosion in duplex stainless steel flux-cored arc welded joints. Corros Sci2017; 120: 194–210.
13.
HosseiniVStenAWKjellH, et al.Nitrogen loss and effects on microstructure in multipass TIG welding of a super duplex stainless steel. Mater Des2016; 98: 88–97.
14.
AcunaARamirezARiffelKC. Using kinetics to avoid sigma phase formation on hyper duplex stainless weld cladding. Sci Technol Weld Join2023; 28: 885–893.
15.
RamkumarKMishraDThiruvengatamG, et al.Investigations on the microstructure and mechanical properties of multi-pass PCGTA welding of super-duplex stainless steel. Bull Mater Sci2015; 34: 1–10.
16.
Santos TFALópezEATFonsecaEB, et al.Friction stir welding of duplex and superduplex stainless steels and some aspects of microstructural characterization and mechanical performance. Mater Res2016; 19: 117–131.
17.
SimBMHongTSHanimMAA, et al.The influence of post weld heat treatment precipitation on duplex stainless steels weld overlay towards pitting corrosion. Materials (Basel)2019; 12: 3285.
18.
SelvabharathiR. Effect of post weld heat treatment and TiAlSiN coating on the tensile strength of autogenous plasma arc welding of duplex/super austenitic stainless steels. J Manuf Processes2019; 38: 135–147.
19.
KumarRVarmaAKumarYR, et al.Enhancement of mechanical properties through modified post-weld heat treatment processes of T91 and Super304H dissimilar welded joint. J Manuf Processes2022; 78: 59–70.
20.
FerreiraPMPereiraECPinheiroFW, et al.Effect of solution heat treatment by induction on UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel joints welded with the autogenous TIG process. Metals (Basel)2022; 12: 1450.
21.
ZhangZHJingHXuL, et al.Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure evolution and pitting corrosion resistance of electron beam-welded duplex stainless steel. Corros Sci2018; 141: 30–45.
22.
HwangHParkY. Effects of heat treatment on the phase ratio and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel. Mater Trans2009; 50: 1548–1552.
23.
BadjiRBouabdallahMBacroixB, et al.Phase transformation and mechanical behavior in annealed 2205 duplex stainless steel welds. Mater Charact2008; 59: 447–453.
24.
ASTM E3-11. Standard guide for preparation of metallographic specimens. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, USA, 2011.
25.
VoortGV. Metallography: principles and practice. 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2000.
26.
ASTM E562-05. Standard test method for determining volume fraction by systematic manual point count. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2005.
27.
TavaresSSMPardalJMLimaLD, et al.Characterization of microstructure, chemical composition, corrosion resistance and toughness of a multipass weld joint of superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750. Mater Charact2007; 58: 610–616.
28.
LippoldJCBaeslack IIIWAVarolI. Heat-affected zone liquation cracking in austenitic and duplex stainless steels. Weld Res Suppl1992; 4: 1–14.
29.
LancasterJF. Metallurgy of welding. 6th ed.London: Woodhead Publishing, 1999.
30.
SathiyaPAravindanSSoundararajanR, et al.Effect of shielding gases on mechanical and metallurgical properties of duplex stainless-steel welds. J Mater Sci2009; 44: 114–121.
31.
ZhangZQJingHYXuLY, et al.Investigation on microstructure evolution and properties of duplex stainless steel joint multi-pass welded by using different methods. Mater Des2016; 109: 670–685.
32.
SadeghianMShamanianMShafyeiA. Effect of heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints between super duplex stainless steel and high strength low alloy steel. Mater Des2014; 60: 678–684.
33.
YangYYanBLiJ, et al.The effect of large heat input on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of simulated heat affected zone in 2205 duplex stainless steel. Corros Sci2011; 53: 3756–3763.
34.
ZhangZZhangHHuJ, et al.Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of briefly heattreated SAF 2507 super duplex stainless steel welds. Construct Build Mater2018; 168: 338–345.
35.
MendozaBIMaldonadoZCAlbiterHA, et al.Dissimilar welding of superduplex stainless steel/HSLA steel for offshore applications joined by GTAW. Engineering2010; 02: 520–528.
36.
MouradAHKhourshidASharefT. Gas tungsten arc and laser beam welding processes effects on duplex stainless steel 2205 properties. Mater Sci Eng A2012; 549: 105–113.
37.
KrasnorutskyiSKeilDSchmigallaS, et al.Metallurgical investigations on electron beam welded duplex stainless steels. Weld World2012; 56: 34–40.
38.
AsifMShrikrishnaKASathiyaP. Effects of post weld heat treatment on friction welded duplex stainless steel joints. J Manuf Process2016; 21: 196–200.
39.
YoungMCTsayLWShinCS, et al.The effect of short time post-weld heat treatment on the fatigue crack growth of 2205 duplex stainless steel welds. Int J Fatigue2007; 29: 2155–2162.
40.
DuJKWangCHWangKC,et al.TEM analysis of 2205 duplex stainless steel to determine orientation relationship between M23C6 carbide and austenite matrix at 95° C. Intermetal2014; 45: 80–83.
41.
HagenIVKellerM. Interrelation between fabrication processes and mechanical properties of AF 22 duplex tubes, in: Duplex stain steels conf. Proc., St. Louis, MO, 1983, pp. 325–353.
42.
CullityBD. Elements of X-ray diffraction. 2th ed. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1978.
43.
ElmerJWPalmerTASpechtED. Direct observations of sigma phase formation in duplex stainless steels using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Metall Mater Trans A2007; 38: 464–475.
44.
PalmerTElmerJBabuS. Observations of ferrite/austenite transformations in the heat affected zone of 2205 duplex stainless steel spot welds using time resolved X-ray diffraction. Mater Sci Eng A2004; 374: 307–321.
45.
MigiakisKPapadimitriouGD. Effect of nitrogen and nickel on the microstructure and mechanical properties of plasma welded UNS S32760 super-duplex stainless steels. J Mater Sci2009; 44: 6372–6383.
46.
AbdollahzadehABagheriBAbbasiM, et al.Comparison of the weldability of AA6061-T6 joint under different friction stir welding conditions. J Mater Eng Perform2021; 30: 1110–1127.
47.
ZhangZJingHXuL, et al.Influence of heat input in electron beam process on microstructure and properties of duplex stainless steel welded interface. Appl Surf Sci2018; 435: 352–366.
48.
RamkumarKDChandrasekharASrivastavaA, et al.Effects of filler metals on the segregation, mechanical properties and hot corrosion behaviour of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded super-austenitic stainless steel. J Manuf Process2016; 24: 46–61.
49.
Chacon-FernandezSGarcíaAPLabandaGR. Influence of parameters on the microstructure of a duplex stainless steel joint welded by a GMAW welding process. Prog Nat Sci: Mater Int2022; 32: 415–423.
50.
AmiriEOstovanFToozandehjaniM, et al.Study and selection of most appropriate filler rod for GTAW of S32750 super duplex steel joints: a comprehensive study on microstructural, mechanical and corrosion properties. Mater Chem Phys2021; 270: 124839.
51.
UdayakumarTRajaKAbhijitAT,et al.Experimental investigation on mechanical and metallurgical properties of super duplex stainless steel joints using friction welding process. J Manuf Process2013; 15: 558–571.
52.
MouradAHKhourshidASharefT. Gas tungsten arc and laser beam welding processes effects on duplex stainless steel 2205 properties. Mater Sci Eng A2012; 549: 105–113.
53.
NothdurftRLSHermsdortJUrbanekP, et al.Investigations on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser beam submerged arc hybrid welded butt joints of duplex stainless steel S31083 (t=16 mm) depending on the energy per unit length. Proc CIRP2022; 111: 409–414.
54.
KhanWNChhibberR. Effect of filler metal on solidification, microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar super duplex/pipeline steel GTA weld. Mater Sci Eng A2021; 803: 140476.
55.
JebarajAVKumarTSManikandanM. Investigation of structure property relationship of the dissimilar weld between austenitic stainless steel 316L and duplex stainless steel 2205. Trans Indian Inst Met2018; 71: 2593–2604.
56.
Abbasi M, Bagheri B, Ketabchi M and Haghshenas DF. Application of response surface methodology to drive GTN model parameters and determine the FLD of tailor welded blank. Comput Mater Sci 2012; 53: 368–376.
57.
AbdollahzadehABagheriBAbbasiM, et al.Mechanical, wear and corrosion behaviors of AZ91/SiC composite layer fabricated by friction stir vibration processing. Surf Topogr: METrol Prop2021; 9: 035038.
58.
RiziVSAbbasiMBagheriB. Investigation on intermetallic compounds formation and effect of reinforcing particles during friction stir vibration brazing. J Mater Eng Perform2022; 31: 3369–3381.
59.
VaneghiAHBagheriBShamsipurA, et al.Investigations into the formation of intermetallic compounds during pinless friction stir spot welding of AA2024-Zn-pure copper dissimilar joints. Weld World2022; 66: 2351–2369.
60.
AbbassiFMistouSZghalA. Failure analysis based on microvoid growth for sheet metal during uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests. Mater Des2013; 49: 638–646.
61.
BagheriBAbdollahzadehAShamsipurA. A different attempt to analysis friction stir spot welding of AA5083-copper alloys. Mater Sci Technol2022; 39: 1–11.
62.
TarpaniJRBrazMHPFilhoWWP,et al.Microstructural and fractographic characterization of a thermally embrittled nuclear grade steel : part II—quenching and tempering. Mater Res2002; 5: 365–371.
63.
AbbasiMBagheriB. New attempt to improve friction stir Brazing. Mater Letter2021; 304: 130688.
64.
WangSMaQLiY. Characterization of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar welded joint between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR. Mater Des2011; 32: 831–837.
65.
JiangYTanHWangZ, et al.Influence of Creq/Nieq on pitting corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel welded joints. Corros Sci2013; 70: 252–259.
