This paper is intended to investigate the effect of chemical treatment on the creep and recovery behavior of injection molded jute–polypropylene composites in flexural mode. The chemical treatment of short jute fibers was done using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), silane (SiH4), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and the use of maleic anhydride (C4H2O3) as a coupling agent. The effectiveness of the chemical treatments was initially studied by comparing the tensile and flexural properties, along with the scanning electron microscopy fractographs. The creep behavior of the composites was modeled using four-parameter Burger’s model and the same was compared with the classical power law model. To model the recovery behavior, Weibull distribution function was used. The correlation between model parameters and different chemical treatments has been emphasized. The time–temperature superposition principle was employed for predicting the long-term creep behavior of the chemically treated jute–polypropylene composites.
DittenberDBGangaRaoHV.Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2012;
43: 1419–1429.
2.
FarukOBledzkiAKFinkHP, et al.
Progress report on natural fiber reinforced composites. Macromol Mater Eng2014;
299: 9–26.
3.
PickeringKLEfendyMALeTM.A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2016;
83: 98–112.
4.
KaliaSKaithBSKaurI.Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites-a review. Polym Eng Sci2009;
49: 1253–1272.
5.
KabirMMWangHLauKT, et al.
Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: an overview. Compos Part B: Eng2012;
43: 2883–2892.
6.
SobczakLBrüggemannOPutzRF.Polyolefin composites with natural fibers and wood-modification of the fiber/filler–matrix interaction. J Appl Polym Sci2013;
127: 1–7.
7.
BledzkiAKFarukO.Creep and impact properties of wood fibre–polypropylene composites: influence of temperature and moisture content. Compos Sci Technol2004;
64: 693–700.
8.
ParkBDBalatineczJJ.Short term flexural creep behavior of wood‐fiber/polypropylene composites. Polym Compos. 1998;
19: 377–382.
9.
GassanJBledzkiAK.Influence of fiber surface treatment on the creep behavior of jute fiber-reinforced polypropylene. J Thermoplast Compos Mater1999;
12: 388–398.
10.
SainMMBalatineczJLawS.Creep fatigue in engineered wood fiber and plastic compositions. J Appl Polym Sci2000;
77: 260–268.
AmiriAUlvenCAHuoS.Effect of chemical treatment of flax fiber and resin manipulation on service life of their composites using time-temperature superposition. Polymers2015;
7: 1965–1978.
13.
WongSShanksR.Creep behaviour of biopolymers and modified flax fibre composites. Compos Interfaces2008;
15: 131–145.
14.
XuYWuQLeiY, et al.
Creep behavior of bagasse fiber reinforced polymer composites.Bioresour Technol2010;
101: 3280–3286.
15.
HaoAChenYChenJY.Creep and recovery behavior of kenaf/polypropylene nonwoven composites. J Appl Polym Sci2014;
131: 1–11.
16.
TajvidiMFalkRHHermansonJC.Time–temperature superposition principle applied to a kenaf-fiber/high-density polyethylene composite. J Appl Polym Sci2005;
97: 1995–2004.
17.
AchaBAReboredoMMMarcovichNE.Creep and dynamic mechanical behavior of PP–jute composites: Effect of the interfacial adhesion. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2007;
38: 1507–1516.
18.
XuYLeeSYWuQ.Creep analysis of bamboo high-density polyethylene composites: effect of interfacial treatment and fiber loading level. Polym Compos2011;
32: 692–699.
19.
NuñezAJMarcovichNEArangurenMI.Analysis of the creep behavior of polypropylene–woodflour composites. Polym Eng Sci2004;
44: 1594–1603.
20.
WangWHHuangHBDuHH, et al.
Effects of fiber size on short-term creep behavior of wood fiber/HDPE composites. Polym Eng Sci2015;
55: 693–700.
21.
AlvarezVAKennyJMVázquezA.Creep behavior of biocomposites based on sisal fiber reinforced cellulose derivatives/starch blends. Polym Compos2004;
25: 280–288.
22.
CyrasVPMartucciJFIannaceS, et al.
Influence of the fiber content and the processing conditions on the flexural creep behavior of sisal-PCL-starch composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater2002;
15: 253–265.
23.
Hidalgo-SalazarMAMinaJHHerrera-FrancoPJ.The effect of interfacial adhesion on the creep behaviour of LDPE–Al–Fique composite materials. Compos Part B: Eng2013;
55: 345–351.
24.
HungKCWuTLChenYL, et al.
Assessing the effect of wood acetylation on mechanical properties and extended creep behavior of wood/recycled-polypropylene composites. Constr Build Mater2016;
108: 139–145.
25.
DuranteMFormisanoABoccarussoL, et al.
Creep behaviour of polylactic acid reinforced by woven hemp fabric. Compos Part B: Eng2017;
124: 16–22.
26.
VazquezADominguezVAKennyJM.Bagasse fiber-polypropylene based composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater1999;
12: 477–497.
27.
MilitkýJJabbarA.Comparative evaluation of fiber treatments on the creep behavior of jute/green epoxy composites. Compos Part B: Eng2015;
80: 361–368.
28.
HadidMRechakSTatiA.Long-term bending creep behavior prediction of injection molded composite using stress–time correspondence principle. Mater Sci Eng A2004;
385: 54–58.
29.
XiangGYinDMengR, et al.
Creep model for natural fiber polymer composites (NFPCs) based on variable order fractional derivatives: simulation and parameter study. J Appl Polym Sci2020;
137: 48796.
30.
FerryJD.Viscoelastic properties of polymers. 3rd ed.New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1980, p. 264.
31.
PapanicolaouGCZaoutsosSP.Viscoelastic constitutive modeling of creep and stress relaxation in polymers and polymer matrix composites. In: RMGuedes (ed.) Creep and fatigue in polymer matrix composites.
Cambridge:
Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 3–59.
32.
CanteroGArbelaizALlano-PonteR, et al.
Effects of fibre treatment on wettability and mechanical behaviour of flax/polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol2003;
63: 1247–1254.
33.
WuCMLaiWYWangCY.Effects of surface modification on the mechanical properties of flax/β-polypropylene composites. Materials2016;
9: 314.
34.
BledzkiAKMamunAAFarukO.Abaca fibre reinforced PP composites and comparison with jute and flax fibre PP composites. eXPRESS Polym Lett2007;
11: 755–762.
35.
SullinsTPillaySKomusA, et al.
Hemp fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: the effects of material treatments. Compos Part B: Eng2017;
114: 15–22.
36.
WangXCuiYXuQ, et al.
Effects of alkali and silane treatment on the mechanical properties of jute-fiber-reinforced recycled polypropylene composites. J Vinyl Addit Technol2010;
16: 183–188.
37.
PanaitescuDMNicolaeCAVulugaZ, et al.
Influence of hemp fibers with modified surface on polypropylene composites. J Ind Eng Chem2016;
37: 137–146.
38.
AsumaniOMReidRGPaskaramoorthyR.The effects of alkali–silane treatment on the tensile and flexural properties of short fibre non-woven kenaf reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2012;
43: 1431–1440.
39.
JosephPVJosephKThomasS.Short sisal fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: the role of interface modification on ultimate properties. Compos Interfaces2002;
9: 171–205.
40.
RayDSarkarBKRanaAK, et al.
Effect of alkali treated jute fibres on composite properties. Bull Mater Sci2001;
24: 129–135.
41.
ZamanHUKhanMAKhanRA, et al.
Role of potassium permanganate and urea on the improvement of the mechanical properties of jute polypropylene composites. Fibers Polym2010;
11: 455–463.
42.
HongCKHwangIKimN, et al.
Mechanical properties of silanized jute-polypropylene composites. J Ind Eng Chem2008;
14: 71–76.
43.
ChandekarHChaudhariVWaigaonkarS, et al.
Effect of chemical treatment on mechanical properties and water diffusion characteristics of jute–polypropylene composites. Polym Compos2020;
41: 1447–1461.
44.
ChandekarHChaudhariV.Flexural creep behaviour of jute polypropylene composites. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng2016;
149: 012107.
45.
FindleyWNLaiJSOnaranK.Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials.
New York:
Courier Corporation, 1989, p.14.
46.
FanceyKS.A mechanical model for creep, recovery and stress relaxation in polymeric materials. J Mater Sci2005;
40: 4827–4831.
47.
DuttaNKEdwardGH.Generic relaxation spectra of solid polymers. I. Development of spectral distribution model and its application to stress relaxation of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci1997;
66: 1101–1115.
48.
PedrazzoliDPegorettiA.Long-term creep behavior of polypropylene/fumed silica nanocomposites estimated by time–temperature and time–strain superposition approaches. Polym Bull2014;
71: 2247–2268.
