When governments justify the necessity to segregate and/or isolate terrorist inmates from mainstream prisoners, they commonly raise concerns about their prisons becoming schools for terrorism. Yet, these concerns are often based on limited information about prisoner radicalization, potentially resulting in the mismanagement (both financially and psychologically) of terrorist inmates in many countries. This article challenges contemporary research on prison radicalization and recruitment by highlighting several factors that may hamper these activities to demonstrate why some prison regimes and their programmes for housing terrorist inmates face a greater risk than others. In contrast to other studies, this article concludes that the radicalization and recruitment of mainstream prisoners by terrorist inmates under certain prison conditions is not necessarily a given outcome.
Abouzeid R (2010) In Karachi jail: Should jihadists be separated? Time, 11 July. Available at: http://www.time.com/printout/0,8816,2003066,00.html (accessed 16 March 2012).
2.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Corrective Services Australia – December Quarter 2011, Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
3.
AzamM (2009) Radicalization in Pakistan: Sociocultural realities. Conflict and Peace Studies2(1): 1–17.
BallasD (2010) Prisoner radicalization. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin79(10): 1–9.
6.
BjeloperaJP (2011) American Jihadist Terrorism: Combating a Complex Threat, Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
7.
BondesonUV (2011) Prisoners in Prison Societies, London: Transaction Publishers.
8.
BonnettP (2010) Indonesian deployment of corrective services NSW Officers. Australasian Journal of Correctional Staff Development5(3): ISSN: 1832-9454.
9.
BrandonJ (2009a) The danger of prison radicalization. CTC Sentinel2(12): 1–4.
10.
BrandonJ (2009b) Unlocking al-Qaeda: Islamist extremism in British prisons, London: Quilliam Foundation.
11.
Brown D (2008) The effect of terrorism and terrorist trials on Australian prison regimes. Paper presented at the 2nd Australian and New Zealand Critical Criminology conference, Sydney, Australia, 19–20 June.
12.
CaldwellMG (1956) Group dynamics in the prison community. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science46(5): 648–657.
13.
CampSDGaesGG (2005) Criminogenic effects of the prison environment on inmate behaviour: Some experimental evidence. Crime & Delinquency51(3): 425–442.
14.
Carlton B (2008) Isolation as counter-insurgency: Supermax prisons and the War on Terror. Paper presented at the 2nd Australian and New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference, Sydney, Australia, 19–20 June.
15.
CilluffoFJCardashSLWhiteheadAJ (2007) Radicalization: Behind bars and beyond borders. Brown Journal of World Affairs13(2): 112–121.
16.
CuthbertsonIM (2004) Prisons and the education of terrorists. World Policy Journal21(3): 15–22.
17.
Downing MP (2011) The threat of Muslim-American radicalization in US prisons. Report for the United States House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, 15 June.
18.
DunleavyPT (2011a) The Fertile Soil of Jihad: Terrorism’s Prison Connection, Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
19.
Dunleavy PT (2011b) The threat of Muslim-American radicalization in US prisons. Report for the United States House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, 15 June.
20.
EmeryF (1970) Freedom and Justice within Walls: The Bristol Prison Experiment, London: Tavistock Publications.
21.
Federal Bureau of Prisons (2009) State of the Bureau 2009: The Bureau’s Core Values. US Department of Justice. Available at: http://www.bop.gov/news/PDFs/sob09.pdf (accessed 7 May 2012).
22.
Fighel J (2007) The ‘radicalization process’ in prisons. Presented at NATO workshop, Eilat, 25 December.
23.
FleisherMSDeckerSH (2001) Overview of the challenge of prison gangs. Corrections Management Quarterly5(1): 1–9.
24.
GendreauPGogginCCullenFT (1999) The Effects of Prison Sentences on Recidivism, Canada: Solicitor General.
25.
George Washington University and the University of Virginia (2006) Out of the Shadows: Getting Ahead of Prisoner Radicalization, Washington, DC: Homeland Security Policy Institute and the Critical Incidence Analysis Group.
26.
GoffmanE (1961) On the charcateristics of total insitutions. In: CresseyDR (eds) The Prison Studies in Institutional Organisations and Change, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 22–47.
27.
Hamm MS (2007) Terrorist recruitment in American correctional institutions: An exploratory study of non-traditional faith groups. Report for the United States Department of Justice, December.
28.
HammMS (2008) Prisoner radicalization: Assessing the threat in U.S. correctional institutions. National Institute of Justice Journal261: 14–19.
29.
HammMS (2013) The Spectacular Few: Prisoner Radicalization and the Evolving Terrorist Threat, New York: New York University Press.
30.
Hanna R (2010) Overview of the situation surrounding extremism and radicalisation in UK. Paper presented at the Conference on Radicalisation in Prison and Probation, European Union Project: Reducing Influences that Radicalise Prisoners, Segovia, Spain, 27–29 January.
31.
HannahGClutterbuckLRubinJ (2008) Radicalization or Rehabilitation: Understanding the Challenge of Extremist and Radicalized Prisoners, Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation.
32.
HM Inspectorate of Prisons (2007) An Inspection of the Category ‘A’ Detainee Unit at HMP Long Lartin, London: Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons.
33.
HM Chief Inspector of Prisons (2008) Report on an Unannounced Full Follow-Up Inspection of HMP Whitemoor, London: Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons.
34.
HM Chief Inspector of Prisons (2010) Muslim Prisoners’ Experiences: A Thematic Review, London: Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons.
35.
HorganJ (2009) Walking Away from Terrorism, New York: Routledge.
36.
HuntGRiegelSMoralesTWaldorfD (1993) Changes in prison culture: Prison gangs and the case of the ‘Pepsi generation’. Social Problems40(3): 398–409.
37.
Illardi J (2010) Prison radicalisation: The devil is in the detail. Paper presented at the ARC Linkage Project on Radicalisation – Conference, Understanding Terrorism from an Australian Perspective: Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation and Counter Radicalisation, Monash University, Australia, 8 November.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2007) Deradicalisation and Indonesian prisons. Asia Report 142.
40.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2011) Reforming Pakistan’s prison system. Asia Report 212.
41.
IrwinJCresseyDR (1962) Thieves, convicts and the inmate culture. Social Problems10(2): 142–155.
42.
JonesCMoralesR (2012) Integration versus segregation: A preliminary assessment of de-radicalisation in two Philippine correctional facilities. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism Journal35(3): 211–228.
LieblingAArnoldHStraubC (2011) An Exploration of Staff–Prisoner Relationships at HMP Whitemoor: 12 Years On, London: UK Ministry of Justice National Offender Management Service.
45.
McCorkleLWKornR (1954) Resocialization within walls. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science293: 88–98.
46.
McCullochJ (2008) Contemporary comments, R v Benbrika and ors (Ruling No 20): The ‘War on Terror’, human rights and the pre-emptive punishment of terror suspects in high-security. Current Issues in Criminal Justice20(2): 287–292.
47.
Neumann PR (2010) Prisons and Terrorism: Radicalisation and De-Radicalisation in 15 Countries. London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence and the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.
48.
Pew Research Centre (2012) Religion in Prisons: A 50-State Survey of Prison Chaplains, Washington, DC: The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life.
49.
PhillipsC (2012) ‘It ain’t nothing like with the Bloods and Crips’: Gang narratives inside two English prisons. Punishment and Society14(1): 51–68.
50.
PorterLEKebbellMR (2011) Radicalization in Australia: Examining Australia’s convicted terrorists. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law18(2): 212–231.
51.
PyroozDCDeckerSHFleisherM (2011) From the street to the prison, from the prison to the street: Understanding and responding to prison gangs. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research3(1): 12–24.
52.
Quilliam Foundation (2009) Unlocking al-Qaeda: Islamist Extremism in British Prisons, London: Quilliam Foundation.
53.
RichmanJ (2008) Individual Liberty on Death Row: The Right to Suicide. Dartmouth Law Journal6(1): 142–159.
54.
Ross B, Patel A and Cole M (2011) Alleged plot against U.S. military base in Seattle is eighth in two years. ABC World News, 24 June 2011.
55.
ShalevS (2008) A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement, London: Mannheim Centre for Criminology.
SilkeA (2011) The Psychology of Counter-Terrorism, London: Routledge.
58.
Smith K (2011) The threat of Muslim-American radicalization in US prisons. Report for the United States House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, 15 June.
SpalekBEl-HassanS (2007) Muslim converts in prison. Howard Journal46(2): 99–114.
61.
SpalekBWilsonD (2002) Racism and religious discrimination in prison: The marginalisation of Imams in their work with prisoners. In: SpalekB (eds) Islam, Crime and Criminal Justice, Devon: Willan Publishing.
62.
SykesGM (1958) The Society of Captives, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
63.
SykesGMessingerS (1960) The inmate social system. In: ClowardRACresseyDRGrosserGHMcCleeryROhlinLESykesGMMessingerSL (eds) Theoretical Studies in Social Organization of the Prison, New York: Social Science Research Council.
64.
UK Ministry of Justice (2012) Offender management statistics quarterly bulletin – October to December 2011, England and Wales. Ministry of Justice Statistics Bulletin, 26 April.
65.
Ungerer C (2011) Jihadists in jail: Radicalisation and the Indonesia prison system. Australia Strategic Policy Institute 40.
US Department of Justice (2012) Correctional population in the United States, 2010. Office of Justice Programs, December (2011). Available at: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus10.pdf. (accessed 18 May 2012).
UseemBClaytonO (2009) Radicalization of U.S prisoners. Criminology and Public Policy8(3): 561–592.
70.
Victoria Police (2009–2010) Annual report.
71.
WalkerN (1983) Side-effects of incarceration. British Journal of Criminology23(1): 61–71.
72.
Zahn MA (2012) Conversion, radicalization, and the life course: Future research questions. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology 2010 Conference, Contemporary Issues in Criminological Theory and Research: The Role of Social Institutions. Independence, Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
73.
Personal communication, senior jail official, Metro Manila District Jail, 21 September 2010a.
74.
Personal communication, jail guard, Metro Manila District Jail, 21 September 2010b.
75.
Personal communication, senior official, BuCor prison administration, 17 July 2012a.
76.
Personal communication, senior prison officer, BJMP, 19 July 2012b.
77.
Personal communication, Indonesian government (counter-terrorism) official, Melbourne, Australia, 27 September 2012c.
78.
Personal communication, New South Wales Corrections officer, 18 January 2013a.
79.
Personal communication, senior officer Corrections Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 1 February 2013b.
80.
Personal communication, New South Wales Corrections officer, Sydney, 15 October 2013c.
81.
Personal communication, senior official, BuCor prison administration, 17 October 2013d.
82.
Personal communication, senior official, General Directorate of Corrections Indonesia, 17 October 2013e.
83.
Crimes (Administration of Sentences) Regulation 2008 (NSW). Classification and designation of inmates.
