Migratory movements and the accompanying criminalization and penalization of migrants are among the most ancient and recurring features of the modern world, true icons of modernity. A characteristic of the last 15 years of globalization has been the re-emergence on a large scale in Europe of such a recurring theme, this time extended to countries that used to be e-migrating countries and are now im-migrating countries, such as Spain, Portugal and Italy. After having estimated the extent of `overrepresentation' of foreigners in European penal systems today, I examine the situation in the Italian case and the specificities of the criminalization of foreigners in this country. I claim that we are now facing yet another episode in the recurring processes of forced inclusion, subordination and `subjectivation' of recruits into a new draft of the European working class, and that the concomitant criminalization and penalization are tightly related to those processes.
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