Archaeologists often seem either sceptical of science-based archaeology or baffled by its results. The underpinnings of science-based archaeology may conflict with social or behavioural factors unsuited to quantification and grouping procedures. Thus, the interaction between archaeologists and their science-based colleagues has been less profitable than it might have been. The main point I consider in this study, and exemplify by considering metals provenance studies in the Bronze Age Mediterranean, is the relevance and application of the stated aims of sciencebased archaeology to the contemporary discipline of archaeology. Whereas most practitioners today recognize that science-based archaeology has the potential to contribute positively to the resolution of problems stemming from our field's inadequate and incomplete data resource, I contend that science and scientific analyses alone cannot adjudicate between cultural possibilities. Rather they provide analytical data which are likely to be open-ended, subject to multiple social interpretations, and in need of evaluation by collaborating archaeologists using social theory.
APPADURAI, A., 1986. Toward an anthropology of things. In A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: 3–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2.
ARTZY, M., 1994. Incense, camels and collared rim jars: desert trade routes and maritime outlets in the second millennium. Oxford Journal of Archaeology13:121–147.
3.
BALMUTH, M.S. and R.F. TYLECOTE, 1976. Ancient copper and bronze in Sardinia: excavations and analysis. Journal of Field Archaeology3:195–201.
4.
BALTHAZA, J.W., 1990. Copper and Bronze Working in Early through Middle Bronze Age Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, Pocketbook 84. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
5.
BARNES, I.L., R.H. BRILL, E.C. DEAL and G.V. PIERCY, 1986. Lead isotope studies of some of the finds from the Serce Liman shipwreck. In J.S. Olin and M.J. Blackman (eds), Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium: 1–12. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute.
6.
BARNES, I.L., W.T. CHASE, L.L. HOLMES, E.C. JOEL, P. MEYERS and E.V. SAYRE, 1988. The technical examination, lead isotope determination, and elemental analysis of some Shang and Zhou Dynasty bronze vessels. In R. Maddin (ed.), The Beginnings and Use of Metals and Alloys: 296–306. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7.
BASS, G.F., 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. Transactions of American Philosophical Society 57.8. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.
8.
BASS, G.F., 1991. Evidence of trade from Bronze Age shipwrecks. In N.H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology90:69–82. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
9.
BASS, G.F. OLLON and J. WEINSTEIN, 1989. The Bronze Age shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 campaign. American Journal of Archaeology93:1–29.
10.
BAXTER, M.J. and N.H. GALE, 1998. Testing for multivariate normality via univariate tests: a case study using lead isotope ratio data. Journal of Applied Statistics25:671–683.
11.
BEGEMANN, F., S. SCHMITT-STRECKER and E. PERNICKA, 1989. Isotopic composition of Pb in early metal artifacts: results, possibilities and limitations. In A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka and G.A. Wagner (eds), Old World Archaeometallurgy. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft8:269–278. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbaumuseum.
12.
BUDD, P. and T. TAYLOR, 1995. The faerie smith meets the bronze industry: magic versus science in the interpretation of prehistoric metal-making. World Archaeology27:133–143.
13.
BUDD, P., D. GALE, A.M. POLLARD, R.G. THOMAS and P.A. WILLIAMS, 1993. Evaluating lead isotope data: further observations. Archaeometry35:241–246, 262–263.
14.
BUDD, P., R. HAGGERTY, A.M. POLLARD, B. SCAIFE and R.G. THOMAS, 1996. Rethinking the quest for provenance. Antiquity70:168–174.
15.
BUDD, P., A.M. POLLARD, B. SCAIFE and R.G. THOMAS, 1995. Oxhide ingots, recycling, and the Mediterranean metals trade. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology8:1–32.
16.
CHERRY, J.F. and A.B. KNAPP, 1991. Quantitative provenance studies and Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean: some preliminary reflections. In N.H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology90:92–119. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
DEMIRICI, S., A.M. O ª ZER and G.D. SUMMERS eds, 1996. Archaeometry 94. The Proceedingsof the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry. Ankara: Tu ª rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Arastirma Kurumu.
19.
DOBRES, M.-A., and C.R. HOFFMAN, 1994. Social agency and the dynamics of prehistoric technology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory1:211–258.
20.
DUNNELL, R., 1992. Is a scientific archaeology possible? In L. Embree (ed.), Metaarchaeology: Reflections by Archaeologists and Philosophers: 75–97. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
21.
DUNNELL, R.1993. Why archaeologists don't care about archaeometry. Archeomaterials7:161–165.
22.
FAHRQUHARA, R., and V. VITALI, 1989. Lead isotope measurements and their application to Roman lead and bronze artifacts from Carthage. In S.J. Fleming and H.R. Schenck (eds), MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 6:39–45. Philadelphia, PA: MASCA, University Museum.
23.
GALE, N.H.1989a. Lead isotope analyses applied to provenance studies: a brief review. In Y. Maniatis (ed.), Archaeometry: Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium: 469–502. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
24.
GALE, N.H., 1989b. Archaeometallurgical studies of late Bronze Age oxhide copper ingots from the Mediterranean region. In A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, and G.A. Wagner (eds), Old World Archaeometallurgy. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 7:247–268. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum.
25.
GALE, N.H. ed., 1991a. Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
26.
GALE, N.H., 1991b. Copper oxhide ingots: their origin and their place in the Bronze Age metals trade in the Mediterranean. In N.H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology90:197–239. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
27.
GALE, N.H. and S. STOS-GALE, 1982a. Bronze and copper sources in the Mediterranean: a new approach. Science216:11–19.
28.
GALE, N.H. and S. STOS-GALE, 1982b. Lead and silver in the ancient Aegean. Scientific American244(6):176–192.
29.
GALE, N.H. and S. STOS-GALE, 1987. Oxhide ingots from Sardinia, Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age copper trade: new scientific evidence. In M.S. Balmuth (ed.), Studies in Sardinian Archaeology 3: Nuragic Sardinia and the Mycenaean World. British Archaeological Reports International Series 387:135–178. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
30.
GALE, N.H. and S. STOS-GALE, 1992. Evaluating lead isotope data: comments 1. Archaeometry34:311–317.
31.
GALE, N.H. and S. STOS-GALE, 1995. Comment on `Oxhide ingots, recycling, and the Mediterranean metals trade'. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology8:33–41.
32.
GALE, N.H., Z.A. STOS-GALE, G. MALIOTIS and N. ANNETTS, 1997. Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory: Oxford. Archaeometry data base 4, ores from Cyprus. Archaeometry39:237–245.
33.
GIVEN, M., A.B. KNAPP, N. MEYER, T.E. GREGORY, V. KASSIANIDOU, J. NOLLER, L. WELLS, N. URWIN and H. WRIGHT, 1999. The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project: an interdisciplinary investigation of long-term change in the north central Troodos, Cyprus. Journal of Field Archaeology26:19–39.
34.
HALL, M., 1995. Comments on `Oxhide ingots, recycling, and the Mediterranean metals trade'. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology8:42–44.
35.
HODDER, I.A., 1991. Interpretive archaeology and its role. American Antiquity56:7–18.
36.
HOSLER, D. and A. MACFARLANE, 1996. Copper sources, metal production, and metals trade in late Postclassic Mesoamerica. Science273 (27 Sept):1819–1824.
37.
JONES, R.E., 1986. Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies. British School at Athens, Fitch Laboratory, Occasional Paper 1. Athens: British School at Athens.
38.
JONES, R.F.J., 1988. Questions, answers and the consumer in archaeological science. In E.A. Slater and J.O Tate (eds), Science and Archaeology, Glasgow 1987. British Archaeological Reports, British Series 196(i):1–7. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
39.
KARAGEORGHIS, V. and V. KASSIANIDOU, 1999. Metalworking and recycling in late Bronze Age Cyprus – the evidence from Kition. Oxford Journal of Archaeology18:171–188.
40.
KASSIANIDOUAS, V. and H.G. WRIGHT, 1996. SCSP 1995: Agrokipia Kriadis mine (Unit 2013) and Mitsero Sykamies slag heap (Unit 2009). In A.B. Knapp and M. Given, The Sydney Cyprus Survey Project (SCSP) – third season (1995). Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 316–323.
41.
KESWANI, P.S., 1993. Models of local exchange in late Bronze Age Cyprus. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research292:73–83.
42.
KESWANI, P.S., and A.B. KNAPP, 1997. Bronze Age boundaries and social exchange in northwest Cyprus. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Napa, CA (18 November 1997).
43.
KILLICK, D., 1992. Review of J. Henderson (ed.), Scientific Analysis in Archaeology. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 19 (Oxbow Books, Oxford: 1989). In Journal of Field Archaeology19:117–121.
44.
KILLICK, D. and S.M.M. YOUNG, 1997. Archaeology and archaeometry: from casual dating to a meaningful relationship?Antiquity71/273:518–524.
45.
KINTIGH, K.W., 1987. Quantitative methods designed for archaeological problems. In M. Aldenderfer (ed.), Quantitative Research in Archaeology: Progress and Prospects: 126–134. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
46.
KNAPP, A.B., 1986. Copper Production and Divine Protection: Archaeology, Ideology and Social Complexity on Bronze Age Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Pocketbook 42. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
47.
KNAPP, A.B., 1988. Hoards D'Oeuvres: of metals and men on Bronze Age Cyprus. Oxford Journal of Archaeology7:147–176.
48.
KNAPP, A.B., 1990. Entrepreneurship, ethnicity, exchange: Mediterranean inter–island relations in the late Bronze Age. Annual of the British School at Athens85:115–153.
49.
KNAPP, A.B., 1993. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean trade: making and breaking a myth. World Archaeology24:332–347.
50.
KNAPP, A.B., 1996. Archaeology without gravity: postmodernism and the past. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory3:127–158.
51.
KNAPP, A.B., 1997. The Archaeology of Late Bronze Age Cypriot Society: The Study of Settlement, Survey and Landscape. Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Occasional Paper 4. Glasgow.
52.
KNAPP, A.B. and J.F. CHERRY, 1991. Archaeological science, statistics, and cultural solutions: trade patterns in the Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean. In E. Pernicka and G.A. Wagner (eds), Archaeometry90: 183–198. Basel: Birkha ª user Verlag.
53.
KNAPP, A.B., and J.F. CHERRY, 1994. Provenance Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus: Production, Exchange, and Politico-Economic Change. Monographs in World Archaeology21. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
54.
KNAPP, A.B., M. DONNELLY and L. KASSIANIDOU, 1998. Excavations at Politiko Phorades – 1997. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 247–268.
55.
KNAPP, A.B., L. KASSIANIDOU and M. DONNELLY, 1999. Excavations at Politiko Phorades – 1998. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: (in press).
56.
KNAPP, A.B., J.D. MUHLY and P.M. MUHLY, 1988. To hoard is human: the metal deposits of LC IIC–LC III. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 233–262.
57.
KNAPP, A.B., V. PIGOTT and E. HERBERT eds, 1998. Social Approaches to an Industrial Past: The Archaeology and Anthropology of Mining. London: Routledge.
58.
LAVENDER, D., 1962. The Story of Cyprus Mines Corporation. San Marino, CA: Huntington Library.
59.
LIGHTFOOT, K.G., 1995Culture contact studies: redefining the relationship between prehistoric and historical archaeology. American Antiquity60:199–217.
60.
LIVERANI, M. (trans. M.I. Jaffe), 1979. Irrational elements in the Amarna trade. Monographs on the Ancient Near East1(5):21–33. Malibu: Undena.
61.
LIVERANI, M., 1986. La ceramica e i testi: commercio miceneo e politica orientale. In M. Marazzi, S. Tusa and L. Vagnetti (eds), Traffici Micenei nel Mediterraneo: 405–412. Taranto: Istituto per la storia e l'archeologia. della Magna Grecia.
62.
LO SCHIAVO, F., 1981. Economia e societa nell'eta dei nuraghi. In E. Atzeni, F. Barreca, M.L. Ferrarese-Ceruti, E. Contu, G. Lilliu, F. Lo Schiavo, F. Nicosia, and E. Equini Schneider (eds), Ichnussa: La Sardegna dall' Origini all'Eta Classica: 255–347. Milano: Garzanti.
63.
LO SCHIAVO, F., 1989. Early metallurgy in Sardinia: copper ox–hide ingots. In A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, and G.A. Wagner (eds), Old World Archaeometallurgy. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft7:33–38. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museums.
64.
LO SCHIAVO, F., 1998. Sardinian oxhide ingots 1998. In T. Rehren, A. Hauptmann and J. D. Muhly (eds), Metallurgica Antiqua: In Honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft8:99–112. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museums.
65.
LO SCHIAVO, F., R. MADDIN, J. MERKEL, J.D. MUHLY and T. STECH, 1990. Metallographic and Statistical Analyses of Copper Ingots from Sardinia. Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Soprintendenza ai Beni Archaeologici per le Province de Sassari e Nuoro, Quaderni17. Ozieri: Torchietto.
66.
LO SCHIAVO, F., T. STECH, R. MADDIN and J.D. MUHLY, 1987. Nuragic metallurgy in Sardinia; second preliminary report. In M.S. Balmuth (ed.), Studies in Sardinian Archaeology 3. BAR International Series 387:179–187. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
67.
MCGOVERN, P.E., 1995. Science in archaeology: a review. American Journal of Archaeology99:79–142.
68.
MADDIN, R., 1988. Technical studies – early use of metals. In E.V. Sayre, P. Vandiver, J. Druzik, and C. Stevenson (eds), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings123:171–181. Pittsburgh, PA: Materials Research Society.
69.
MADDIN, R., 1989. The copper and tin ingots from the Kas shipwreck. In A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka and G.A. Wagner (eds), Old World Archaeometallurgy. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft7:99–105. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museums.
70.
MUHLY, J.D., 1977. The copper ox-hide ingots and the Bronze Age metals trade. Iraq39:73–82.
71.
MUHLY, J.D., 1985a. Lead isotope analysis and the problem of lead in Cyprus. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 78–82.
72.
MUHLY, J.D., 1985b. The Late Bronze Age in Cyprus: a 25 year retrospect. In V. Karageorghis (ed.), Archaeology in Cyprus 1960–1985: 20–46. Nicosia: Leventis Foundation.
73.
MUHLY, J.D., 1989. The organisation of the copper industry in late Bronze Age Cyprus. In E.J. Peltenburg (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus: 298–314. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
74.
MUHLY, J.D., 1991. The development of copper metallurgy in late Bronze Age Cyprus. In N.H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology90:180–196. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
75.
MUHLY, J.D., 1995. Lead isotope analysis and the archaeologists. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology8:54–58.
76.
MUHLY, J.D., 1998. Metals and metallurgy: using modern technology to study ancient technology. In Ancient Greek Technology: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ancient Greek Technology (Thessaloniki, 4–7 Sept. 1997): 27–33. Thessaloniki: Technology Museum.
77.
MUHLY, J.D. and T. STECH, 1990. Final observations. In F. Lo Schiavo et al., Metallographic and Statistical Analyses of Copper Ingots from Sardinia. Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Soprintendenza ai Beni Archaeologici per le Province de Sassari e Nuoro, Quaderni17:201–221. Ozieri: Torchietto.
78.
MUHLY, J.D., R. MADDIN and V. KARAGEORGHIS eds, 1982. Acta of the International Archaeological Symposium: Early Metallurgy in Cyprus, 4000–500 BC. Nicosia: Pierides Foundation.
79.
MUHLY, J.D., R. MADDIN and T. STECH, 1988. Cyprus, Crete and Sardinia: copper oxhide ingots and the metals trade. Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 281–298.
80.
NEEDHAM, S.P., M.N. LEESE, D.R. HOOK and M.J. HUGHES, 1989. Developments in the early Bronze Age metallurgy of southern Britain. World Archaeology20:383–402.
81.
OLIN, J. ed., 1982. Future Directions in Archaeometry: A Round Table. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.
82.
PERNICKA, E., 1987. Erzlagersta ª tten in der A ª ga ª is unde ihre Ausbeutung im Altertum: geochemische Untersuchungen zur Herkunftsbestimmung archa ª ologischer Metallobjekte. Jahrbuch des Ro ªmisch–Germanisches Zentralmuseum 34:607–713.
83.
PERNICKA, E., 1995. Crisis or catharsis in lead isotope analysis?Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology8:59–64.
84.
PERNICKA, E., F. BEGEMANN, S. SCHMITT-STRECKER and A.P. GRIMANIS, 1990. On the composition and provenance of metal artifacts from Poliochni on Lemnos. Oxford Journal of Archaeology9:263–298.
85.
PERNICKA, E., T.C. SELLIGER, G.A. WAGNER, F. BEGEMAN, S. SCHMITT-STRECKERTR, S. EIBNER, O. OZTUNALI and I. BARANYI, 1984. Archaeometallurgische Untersuchungen in Nordwestanatolien. Jahrbuch der Ro ªmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 31:533–599.
86.
POLLARD, A.M., 1983. A critical study of multivariate methods as applied to provenance data. In A. Aspinall and S.E. Warren (eds), Proceedings of the 22nd Archaeometry Symposium: 56–66. Bradford: University of Bradford.
87.
POLLARD, A.M. ed., 1992. New Developments in Archaeological Science. Proceedings of the British Academy 77. London: British Academy.
88.
POLLARD, A.M., 1995. Why teach Heisenberg to archaeologists?Antiquity69/263: 242–247.
89.
PREUCEL, R.W., 1991. Introduction. In R.W. Preucel (ed.), Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 10:1–14. Carbondale, IL: Center for Archaeological Investigation.
90.
PREUCEL, R.W., 1995. The postprocessual condition. Journal of Archaeological Research3:147–175.
91.
PULAK, C., 1995. Das Schiffswrack von Uluburun. Zaberns Bildba ª nde zur Archa ª ologie 23:43–58.
92.
PULAK, C., 1997. The Uluburun shipwreck. In S. Swiny, R. Hohlfelder and Helena W. Swiny (eds), Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory through the Roman Period. Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute, Monograph 1:233–262. Atlanta, GA: ASOR/Scholars Press.
93.
READ, D.W., 1989. Intuitive typology and automatic classification: divergence or full circle?Journal of Anthropological Archaeology8:158–188.
94.
REEDY, C.L. and T.J. REEDY, 1988. Lead isotope analysis for provenance studies in the Aegean region: a re-evaluation. In E.V. Sayre, P.B. Vandiver, J. Druzik and C. Stevenson (eds), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings123:65–70. Pittsburgh, PA: Materials Research Society.
95.
RENFREW, A.C., 1986. Varna and the emergence of wealth in prehistoric Europe. In A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: 141–168. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96.
RENFREW, A.C., 1992. Meeting summary: the identity and future of archaeological science. In A. M. Pollard (ed.), New Developments in Archaeological Science. Proceedings of the British Academy 77:285–293. London: British Academy.
97.
SAYRE, E.V., K.A. YENER, E.C. JOEL and I.L. BARNES, 1992. Statistical evaluation of the presently accumulated lead isotope data from Anatolia and the surrounding regions. Archaeometry34:73–105.
98.
SAYRE, E.V., K.A. YENER and E.C. JOEL, 1995. Comments on `Oxhide ingots, recycling, and the Mediterranean metals trade'. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology8:45–53.
99.
SCAIFE, B., P. BUDD, J.G. MCDONNELL, A.M. POLLARD and R.G. THOMAS, 1996. A reappraisalof statistical techniques used in lead isotope analysis. In S. Demirici, A.M. O ª zer and G.D. Summers (eds), Archaeometry 94. The Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry: 301–307. Ankara: TBITAK.
100.
SCHIFFER, M.B., 1996. Some relationships between behavioral and evolutionary archaeologies. American Antiquity61:643–662.
101.
SEELIGER, T.C., E. PERNICKA, G.A. WAGNER, F. BEGEMANN, S. SCHMITT-STRECKERT, C. EIBNER, O. OªZTUNALI and I. BARANYI, 1985. Archaometallurgische Untersuchungen in Nordund Ostanatolien. Jahrbuch des Ro ªmisch-Germanischen Zentralmusuems32:597–659.
102.
SHANKS, M. and I.A. HODDER, 1995. Processual, postprocessual and interpretive archaeologies. In I. Hodder, M. Shanks, A. Alexandri, V. Buchli, J. Carman, J. Last and G. Lucas (eds), Interpreting Archaeology: Finding Meaning in the Past: 3–29. London: Routledge.
103.
SHANKS, M. and R.H. MCGUIRE, 1996. The craft of archaeology. American Antiquity61:75–88.
104.
SHERRATT, A.G., 1994. Core, periphery and margin: perspectives on the Bronze Age. In S. Stoddart and C. Mathers (eds), Development and Decline in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. Sheffield Archaeological Monograph8:335–345. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications.
105.
SHERRATT, A.G. and E.S. SHERRATT, 1991. From luxuries to commodities: the nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems. In N.H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology90:351–386. Go ª teborg: P. Astro ª m's Fo ª rlag.
106.
SHERRATT, S., 1998. `Sea Peoples' and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the eastern Mediterranean. In S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern (eds), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Tenth Centuries BCE: 292–313. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
107.
SHERRATT, S., 1999. E pur si muove: pots, markets and values in the second millennium Mediterranean. In J.P. Crielaard, V. Stissi and G.J. van Wijngaarden (eds), The Complex Past of Pottery: Production, Circulation and Consumption of Mycenaean and Greek Pottery: 163–211. Amsterdam: Gieben.
108.
SMITH, J.S., 1992–1993. The Pylos JN series. Minos 227–228:167–259.
109.
SOUTH, A.K., 1989. From copper to kingship: aspects of Bronze Age society viewed from the Vasilikos Valley. In E.J. Peltenburg (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus: 315–324. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
110.
STECH, T., 1982. Urban metallurgy in late Bronze Age Cyprus. In J.D. Muhly, R. Maddin, and V. Karageorghis (eds), Early Metallurgy in Cyprus, 4000–500 BC: 105–115. Nicosia: Pierides Foundation.
111.
STOS-GALE, Z.A. and N.H. GALE, 1994. Metals. In A.B. Knapp and J.F. Cherry (eds), Provenance Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus: Production, Exchange, and Politico-Economic Change. Monographs in World Archaeology21:92–121. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.
112.
STOS-GALE, Z.A., G. MALIOTIS, N.H. GALE ALE and N. ANNETTS, 1997. Lead isotope characteristics of the Cyprus copper ore deposits applied to provenance studies of copper oxhide ingots. Archaeometry39:83–123.
113.
THOMAS, N., 1991. Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
114.
TOULMIN, S., 1977. From form to function: philosophy and history of science in the 1950s and now. Daedalus106(3):143–162.
115.
TRIGGER, B.G., 1988. Archaeology's relations with the physical and biological sciences: a historical review. In R.M. Fahquhar, R.G.V. Hancock, and L.A. Pavlish (eds), Proceedings of the 26th International Archaeometry Symposium: 1–9. Toronto: Archaeometry Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Toronto.
TYLECOTE, R.F., M.S. BALMUTH and R. MASSOLI-NOVELLI, 1984. Copper and bronze metallurgy in Sardinia. In M. Balmuth (ed.), Studies in Sardinian Archaeology1:115–162. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
118.
VAUGHAN, S.J., 1995. Observations from an Aegean perspective on the relationship of archaeology and science as reflected in the study of ancient pottery. In C. Morris and A. Peatfield (eds), Klados: Essays in honour of J.N. Coldstream. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement63:261–270. London: Institute of Classical Studies.
119.
WEBB, J.M. and D. FRANKEL, 1994. Making an impression: storage and surplus finance in late Bronze Age Cyprus, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology7:5–26.
120.
YOUNG, S.M.M., A.M. POLLARD, P. BUDD and R.A. IXER eds, 1999. Metals in Antiquity. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 792. Oxford: Archaeopress.
121.
ZACCAGNINI, C., 1986. Aspects of copper trade in the eastern Mediterranean during the late Bronze Age. In M. Marazzi, S. Tusa and L. Vagnetti (eds), Traffici Micenei nel Mediterraneo: Problemi Storici e Documentazione Archeologica. Magna Grecia3:413–424. Taranto: Istituto per la storia e l'archeologia della Magna Grecia.
