Longitudinal interorganizational relationships in New Orleans are used to assess the ways in which organizations employed information and communication technologies to (re)connect to their social networks and with what impact regarding post-disruption capacity building. Findings reveal tensions in old and new media use and that using multiple media is an organizing mechanism that improves rebuilding efficiency and effectiveness. Specifically, using mixed media, more so than any one old or new media, facilitated bridging and bonding social capital to expand network capacity. An Organizational Media Spectrum model integrates media intimacy, familiarity, and network capacity to illustrate the relationship between media strategies and organizing processes for building capacity in social networks.
AdamicLAGlanceN (2005) The political blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. election. In: AdibiJ (ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Link Discovery LinkKDD 05. ACM Press, pp. 36–43. DOI:10.1145/1134271.1134277.
BarghJAMcKennaKYA (2004) The Internet and social life. Annual Review of Psychology55(1): 573–590.
4.
BerryFSBrowerRSChoiSO. (2004) Three traditions of network research: what the public management research agenda can learn from other research communities. Public Administration Review64: 539–552.
BortreeDSSeltzerT (2009) Dialogic strategies and outcomes: an analysis of environmental advocacy groups’ Facebook profiles. Public Relations Review35(3): 317–319.
7.
BouwmanHVanDeWijngaertL (2002) Content and context: an exploration of the basic characteristics of information needs. New Media & Society4(3): 329–353.
8.
BrionesRLKuchBLiuBF. (2011) Keeping up with the digital age: how the American Red Cross uses social media to build relationships. Public Relations Review37(1): 37–43.
9.
BroomGMCaseySRitcheyJ (1997) Toward a concept and theory of organization-public relationships. Journal of Public Relations9(2): 83–98.
10.
BrownLDAshmanD (1996) Participation, social capital, and intersectoral problem solving: African and Asian cases. World Development24(9): 1467–1479.
11.
ChewningLVLaiCHDoerfelML (2012) Communication technologies to rebuild communication structures. Management Communication Quarterly. DOI: 10.1177/ 0893318912465815.
12.
ComfortLK (1999) Shared Risk: Complex Systems in Seismic Response. New York: Pergamon Press.
13.
ConstantDSproullLSKieslerSB (1996) The kindness of strangers: the usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice. Organization Science7(2): 119–135.
14.
DaftRLLengelRH (1984) Information richness: a new approach to managerial information processing and organizational design. Research in Organizational Behavior6: 191–233 (In: StawBCummingsLL (eds). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press).
15.
DaftRLLengelRHTrevinoLK (1987) Message equivocality, media selection, and manager performance: implications for information systems. MIS Quarterly11: 355–367.
16.
DimmickJFeasterJCRamirezARJr (2011) The niches of interpersonal media: relationships in time and space. New Media & Society13(8): 1265–1282.
17.
DoerfelMLChewningLVLaiCH (2013) The evolution of networks and the resilience of interorganizational relationships after disaster. Communication Monographs. DOI: 10.1080/03637751.2013.828157.
18.
DoerfelMLLaiCHChewningLV (2010) The evolutionary role of interorganizational communication: modeling social capital in disaster contexts. Human Communication Research36: 125–162.
19.
Dunbar-HesterC (2009) “Free the Spectrum!” Activist encounters with old and new media technology. New Media & Society11(1–2): 221–240.
20.
Dutta-BergmanM (2004) Interpersonal communication after 9/11 via telephone and Internet: a theory of channel complementarity. New Media & Society6(5): 659–673.
21.
EllisonNBSteinfieldCLampeC (2007) The benefits of Facebook friends. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication12(4): 1143–1168.
22.
EyrichNPadmanMLSweetserKD (2008) PR practitioners’ use of social media tools and communication technology. Public Relations Review34: 412–414.
23.
GergenK (2008) Mobile communication and the transformation of the democratic process. In: KatzJE (ed.) Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 297–310.
24.
HalesC (2002) ‘Bureaucracy-lite’ and continuities in managerial work. British Journal of Management13(1): 51–66.
25.
HamptonKLeeCJHerEJ (2011) How new media affords network diversity: direct and mediated access to social capital through participation in local social settings. New Media & Society13(7): 1031–1049.
26.
HamptonKN (2010) Internet use and the concentration of disadvantage: globalization and the urban underclass. American Behavioral Scientist53(8): 1111–1132.
27.
HamptonKNLivioOSessions GouletL (2010) The social life of wireless urban spaces: Internet use, social networks, and the public realm. Journal of Communication60(4): 701–722.
28.
HannanMTFreemanJ (1977) The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology82: 929–964.
29.
HannanMTFreemanJ (1984) Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review49: 149–164.
30.
HowardPN (2002) Network ethnography and the hypermedia organization: new media new organizations, new methods. New Media & Society4(4): 550–574.
31.
KapucuN (2006) Interagency communication networks during emergencies. American Review of Public Administration36(2): 207–225.
32.
KatzJERiceRE (2002) The telephone as a medium of faith, hope, terror, and redemption: America, September11th. Prometheus20 (3): 247–253.
33.
KentM (2008) Critical analysis of blogging in public relations. Public Relations Review34(1): 32–40.
34.
KentMLTaylorM (2002) Toward a dialogic theory of public relations. Public Relations Review28(1): 21–37.
35.
KrautRKieslerSMukhopadhyaTScherlisWPattersonM (1998) Social impact of the Internet: What does it mean?Communications of the ACM41(12): 21–22.
36.
LindMRZmudRW (1995) Improving interorganizational effectiveness through voice mail facilitation of peer-to-peer relationships. Organization Science6(4): 445–461.
37.
LinHEricksonBH (eds) (2008) Social Capital: An International Research Program. New York: Oxford University Press.
38.
LingRS (2008) New Tech, New Ties. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
39.
LoflandL (1998) The Public Realm. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
40.
MarchJG (1981) Footnotes on organizational change. Administrative Science Quarterly26(4): 563–597.
MarvinC (1988) When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late 19th Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
43.
MurphyBL (2007) Locating social capital in resilient community-level emergency management. Natural Hazards41(2): 297–315.
44.
NahSSaxtonGD (2013) Modeling the adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations. New Media & Society15(2): 294–313.
45.
NieNH (2001) Sociability, interpersonal relations, and the Internet: reconciling conflicting findings. American Behavioral Scientist45(3): 420–435.
46.
PearsonRWRossMDawesRM (1992) Personal recall and the limits of retrospective questions in surveys. In: TanurJM (ed.) Questions about Questions: Inquiries into the Cognitive Bases of Surveys. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 65–94.
47.
PerryDTaylorMDoerfelML (2003) Internet-based communication in crisis management. Management Communication Quarterly17: 206–232.
48.
PorterLSweetserKChungD (2009) The blogosphere and public relations: investigating practitioners’ roles and blog use. Journal of Communication Management13(3): 250–267.
49.
PutnamR (2000) Bowling Alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.
50.
QuarantelliEL (1997) Problematical aspects of the information/communication revolution for disaster planning and research: ten non-technical issues and questions. Disaster Prevention and Management6(2): 94–106.
51.
RiceRE (1999) From adversary to diversity: applications of communication technologies to crisis management. Advances in Telecommunications Management3: 91–112.
52.
RunyanRC (2006) Small business in the face of crisis: identifying barriers to recovery from a natural disaster. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management14(1): 12–26.
53.
SaxtonGDBensonMA (2005) Social capital and the growth of the nonprofit sector. Social Science Quarterly86(1): 16–35.
54.
SeltzerTMitrookM (2007) The dialogic potential of weblogs in relationship building. Public Relations Review33(2): 227–229.
55.
TaylorMDoerfelML (2003) Building interorganizational relationships that build nations. Human Communication Research2: 153–182.
56.
TaylorMDoerfelML (2011) Evolving network roles in international aid efforts: evidence from Croatia’s post war transition. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations22: 311–334.
57.
TaylorMKentMLWhiteWJ (2001) How activist organizations are using the Internet to build relationships. Public Relations Review27(3): 263–284.
58.
TillemaTDijstMSchwanenT (2010) Face-to-face and electronic communications in maintaining social networks: The influence of geographical and relational distance and of information content. New Media & Society12(6): 965–983.
59.
Van Den BergPArentzeTATimmermansHJP (2012) New ICTs and social interaction: modelling communication frequency and communication mode choice. New Media & Society14(6): 987–1003.
60.
Van De VenAH (1976) On the nature, formation and maintenance of relations among organizations. Academy of Management Review1(4): 24–36.
61.
Van De VenAHWalkerG (1984) The dynamics of interorganizational coordination. Administrative Science Quarterly29: 598–621.
62.
VangenSHuxhamC (2003) Nurturing collaborative relations: building trust in inter-organizational collaboration. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science39(1): 5–31.
63.
WatersRDTindallNTJMortonTS (2010) Media catching and the journalist-public relations practitioner relationship: how social media are changing the practice of media relations. Journal of Public Relations Research22(3): 241–264.
64.
WellmanBSalaffJDimitrovaD. (1996) Computer networks as social networks: collaborative work, telework, and virtual community. Annual Review of Sociology22(1): 213–238.
65.
WrightDKHinsonMD (2008) How blogs and social media are changing public relations and the way it is practiced. Public Relations Journal2(2): 1–21.
