HegartyM. A conservative approach to penetrating injuries of the chest. Experience with 131 successive cases. Injury1976; 8(1): 53–9.
2.
KnottenbeltJvan der SpuyJ. Traumatic pneumothorax: a scheme for rapid patient turnover. Injury1990; 21: 77–80.
3.
GarramoneRJacobsLSadhevP. An objective method to measure and manage occult pneumothorax. J Am Coll Surg1991; 173(4): 257–261.
4.
BridgesK, Welch G, Silver M, et al.CT detection of occult pneumothorax in multiple trauma patients. J Emerg Med1993; 11(2): 179–186.
5.
EndersonB, Abdallla R, Frame S, et al.Tube thoracostomy for occult pneumothorax: a prospective randomized study of its use. J Trauma1993; 35(5): 726–730.
6.
JohnsonG. Traumatic pneumothorax: is a chest drain always necessary?. Emerg Med1996; 13: 173–174.
7.
WolfmanN, Myers W, Glauser S, et al.Validity of CT classification on management of occult pneumothorax. Am J Roentgenol1998; 171(5): 1317–1320.
8.
BraselK, Stafford R, Weigelt J, et al.Treatment of occult pneumothoraces from blunt trauma. J Trauma1999; 46(6): 987–990.
9.
BarriosC, Tran T, Malinoski D, et al.Successful management of occult pneumothorax without tube thoracostomy despite positive pressure ventilation. Am J Surg2008; 74(10): 958–61.
10.
WilsonH, Ellsmere J, Tallon J, et al.Occult pneumothorax in the blunt trauma patient: tube thoracostomy or observation?. Injury2009; 40(9): 928–931.
11.
MooreF, Goslar P, Coimbra R, et al.Blunt traumatic occult pneumothorax: is observation safe?. J Trauma2011; 70(5): 1019–1025.
12.
KongV, Oosthuizen GClarkeD. The selective conservative management of small traumatic pneumothoraces following stab injuries is safe: experience from a high-volume trauma in South Africa. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg2015; 41: 75–79.
13.
ZhangM, Teo L, Goh M, et al.Occult pneumothorax in blunt trauma: is there a need for tube thoracostomy?. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg2016; 42(6): 785–790.
14.
WalkerS, Barratt S, Thompson J, et al.Conservative management in traumatic pneumothoraces: an observational study. Chest2018; 153(4): 946–953.
15.
EddineS, Boyle K, Dodgion C, et al.Observing pneumothoraces: The 35-millimeter rule is safe for both blunt and penetrating chest trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg2019; 86(4): 557–564.
16.
SaricamM, Özkan BTürkY. Management of traumatic pneumothorax in isolated blunt chest trauma. European Res J2019; 5(2): 306–310.
17.
MahmoodI, Younis B, Ahmed K, et al.Occult Pneumothorax in Patients Presenting with Blunt Chest Trauma: An Observational Analysis. Qatar Med J2020; 1: 1–10.
18.
American College of Surgeons. Advanced Trauma Life Support. 9th ed.
Symington L and McGugan E. Is a chest drain necessary in stable patients with traumatic pneumothorax? Available at: https://bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=104 (2008, accessed 16 June 2020).
21.
BaileyR. Complications of tube thoracostomy in trauma. J Accid Emerg Med2000; 17(2): 111–114.
22.
HernandezM, Zeb M, Heller S, et al.Tube Thoracostomy complications increase cost. World J Surg2017; 41(6): 1482–1487.
