Prehospital spinal immobilisation: an initial consensus statement *

Cameron P Bagge B McNeil J . The trauma registry as a statewide quality improvement tool. J Trauma 2005; 59: 1469–1476.

Burney R Maio R Maynard F . Incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of spinal cord injury at trauma centers in North America. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 596–599.

The National Spinal Cord Injury Statistic Center. Spinal Cord Injury: facts and figures at a glance, Birmingham, Alabama: University of Alabama at Birmingham National Spinal Injury Center, 1998.

Aung T El Masry W . Audit of a British Centre for spinal injury. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: 147–150.

Spinal Cord Association. Preserving and developing the National Spinal Cord Injury Service: Phase 2—seeking the evidence. Research Report, May 2009.

Winslow J Hensberry R Bozeman W . Risk of thoracolumbar fractures in victims of motor vehicle collisions with cervical spine fractures. J Trauma 2006; 61: 686–687.

American College of Surgeons. Advanced trauma life support for doctors, 8th edn. Chicago: American College of Surgeons, 2009.

Reid D Henderson R Saboe L . Etiology and clincal course of missed spine fractures. J Trauma 1987; 27: 980–986.

Kwan I, Bunn F and Roberts IG. Spinal Immobilisation for trauma patients (Review). Prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration. Published in The Cochrane Library 2009, issue 1.

Hauswald M Braude D . Spinal immobilization in trauma patients: is it really necessary? Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 566–570.

Hauswald M Ong G Tandberg D . Out-of-hospital spinal immobilization: its effect on neurologic injury. Acad Emer Med 1998; 5: 214–221.

Blackham J Benger J . ‘Clearing’ the cervical spine in conscious trauma patients. J Trauma 2009; 11: 93–109.

The College of Emergency Medicine Clinical Effectiveness Committee. Guideline on the management of alert, adult patients with a potential cervical spine injury in the Emergency Department, London: College of Emergency Medicine, 2010.

Hoffman J Mower W Wolfson A . Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 94–99.

Stiell I Wells G Vandemheen K . The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA 2001; 286: 1841–1848.

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE clinical guidance 56: Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in infants, children and adults. NICE, 2007.

Stiell I Clement C McKnight D . The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2510–2518.

Vaillancourt C Stiell I Beaudoin T . The out-of-hospital validation of the Canadian C-Spine Rule by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 54: 663–671.

Domeier R . National Association of EMS Physicians Position Paper: Indications for pre-hospital spinal immobilization. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3: 251–253.

McCormick P . Cervical spine immobilization before admission to hospital. Section on Disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves in: American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Neurosurgery 2002; 50(suppl): S7–S17.

Domeier R Evans R Swor R . The reliability of pre-hospital clinical evaluation for potential spinal injury is not affected by mechanism of injury. Prehosp Emer Care 1999; 3: 251–253.

Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee. Neck and back trauma. JRCALC, 2006.