Fractures of the scapula are uncommon and are generally the result of high energy trauma with associated serious injuries. A majority can be managed conservatively but significant displacement of fracture fragments especially involving the glenoid articular surface may require operative fixation to prevent serious functional disability. This review discusses the diagnosis, classification and treatment of these injuries.
Benton J., Nelson C.1971. Avulsion of the coracoid process in an athlete. Report of a case. J Bone Joint Surg Am53: 356-8.
4.
Bernard Jr TN, Brunet ME, Haddad Jr RJ1983. Fractured coracoid process in acromioclavicular dislocations. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res175: 227-32.
5.
Beswick DR, Morse SD, Barnes AU1982. Bilateral scapula fractures from low-voltage electrical injury. Ann Emerg Med11: 676-7.
6.
Boyer Jr DW1975. Trapshooter's shoulder: stress fracture of the coracoid process. Case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am57: 862.
7.
DePalma AF1983. Surgery of the shoulder, 3rd ed. JB Lippincott.
8.
Ebraheim NA, An HS, Jackson WT, Pearlstein SR, Burgess A., Tscherne H., Hass N., Kellam J., Wipperman BU1988. Scapulothoracic dissociation. J Bone Joint Surg Am70: 428-32.
9.
Ebraheim NA, Mekhail AO, Padanilum TG, Yeasting RA1997. Anatomic considerations for a modified posterior approach to the scapula. Clin Orthop Relat Res334: 136-43.
10.
Ebraheim NA, Pearlstein SR, Savolaine ER, Gordon SL, Jackson WT, Corray T.1987. Scapulothoracic dissociation (closed avulsion of the scapula, subclavian artery, and brachial plexus): a newly recognized variant, a new classification, and a review of the literature and treatment options. J Orthop Trauma1: 18-23.
11.
Eyres KS, Brooks A., Stanley D.1995. Fractures of the coracoid process. J Bone Joint Surg (Br)77-B: 425-8.
12.
Garcia-Elias M., Salo JM1985. Non-union of a fractured coracoid process after dislocation of the shoulder. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Br67: 722-3.
13.
Goss TP1992. Fractures of the glenoid cavity. J Bone Joint Surg Am74: 299-305.
14.
Goss TP1995. Scapula fractures and dislocations: diagnosis and treatment . J Am Acad Orthop Surg3: 22-33.
15.
Gupta R., Sher J., Williams Jr GR, Iannotti JP1998. Non-union of the scapula body. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am80: 428-30.
16.
Gur S., Yilmaz H., Tuzuner S., Aydin AT, Suleymanlar G.1999. Fractures due to hypocalcemic convulsion. Int Orthop23: 308-9.
17.
Hardegger FH, Simpson LA, Weber BG1984. The operative treatment of scapula fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br66: 725-31.
18.
Herscovici Jr D., Fiennes AG, Allgower M., Ruedi TP1992. The floating shoulder: ipsilateral clavicle and scapula neck fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br74: 362-4.
19.
Herscovici Jr D., Sanders R., DiPasquale T., Gregory P.1995. Injuries of the shoulder girdle. Clin Orthop Relat Res318: 54-60.
20.
Hitzrot JM, Bolling RW1916. Fractures of the Neck of the Scapula. Ann Surg63: 215-36.
21.
Ideberg R.1987. Unusual glenoid fractures: a report on 92 cases. Acta Orthop Scand58: 191-2.
22.
Ideberg R., Grevsten S., Larsson S.1995. Epidemiology of scapula fractures. Incidence and classification of 338 fractures. Acta Orthop Scand66: 395-7.
23.
Kavanagh BF, Bradway JK, Cofield RH1993. Open reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular fractures of the glenoid fossa. J Bone Joint Surg Am75: 479-84.
24.
Kelbel JM, Jardon OM, Huurman WW1986. Scapulothoracic dissociation. A case report. Clin Orthop Relat Res209: 210-4.
25.
Kuhn JE, Blasier RB, Carpenter JE1994. Fractures of the acromion process: a proposed classification system. J Orthop Trauma8: 6-13.
26.
Kummel BM1970. Fractures of the glenoid cusing chronic dislocation of the shoulder. Clin Orthop Relat Res69: 189-91.
27.
Lantry JM, Roberts CS, Giannoudis PV2008. Operative treatment of scapula fractures: a systematic review. Injury39: 271-83.
28.
Leung KS, Lam TP1993. Open reduction and internal fixation of ipsilateral fractures of the scapula neck and clavicle. J Bone Joint Surg Am75: 1015-18.
29.
Maquieira GJ, Espinosa N., Gerber C., Eid K.2007. Non-operative treatment of large anterior glenoid rim fractures after traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br89: 1347-51.
30.
Mariani PP1980. Isolated fracture of the coracoid process in an athlete . Am J Sports Med8: 129-30.
31.
McGahan JP, Rab GT1980. Fracture of the acromion associated with an axillary nerve deficit: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res147: 216-8.
32.
Moneim MS, Balduini FC1982. Coracoid fracture as a complication of surgical treatment by coracoclavicular tape fixation. A case report. Clin Orthop Relat Res168: 133-5.
33.
Newell ED1927. Review of over 2,000 fractures in the seven years. South Med J20: 644-8.
34.
Nordqvist A., Petersson C.1992. Fracture of the body, neck, or spine of the scapula. A long-term follow-up study. Clin Orthop Relat Res283: 139-44.
35.
Pace AM, Stuart R., Brownlow H.2005. Outcome of glenoid neck fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg14: 585-90.
36.
Ramos L., Mencia R., Alonso A., Ferrandez L.1997. Conservative treatment of ipsilateral fractures of the scapula and clavicle. J Trauma42: 239-42.
37.
Rounds RC1949. Isolated fracture of the coracoid process. J Bone Joint Surg31: 662-3.
Russo R., Vernaglia Lombardi L., Giudice G., Ciccarelli M.2007. Arthroscopic treatment of isolated fracture of the posterolateral angle of the acromion. Arthroscopy23: 798: 1-3.
40.
Smith DM1975. Coracoid fracture associated with acromioclavicular dislocation. A case report. Clin Orthop Relat Res108: 165-7.
41.
Sugaya H., Kon Y., Tsuchiya A.2005. Arthroscopic repair of glenoid fractures using suture anchors. Arthroscopy21: 635.
42.
Tarquinio T., Weinstein ME, Virgilio RW1979. Bilateral scapula fractures from accidental electric shock . J Trauma19: 132-3.
43.
Thompson DA, Flynn TC, Miller PW, Fischer RP1985. The significance of scapula fractures. J Trauma25: 974-7.
44.
van Noort A., van Kampen A.2005. Fractures of the scapula surgical neck: outcome after conservative treatment in 13 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg125: 696-700.
45.
Varriale PL, Adler ML1983. Occult fracture of the glenoid without dislocation. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am65: 688-9.
46.
Williams Jr GR, Naranja J., Klimkiewicz J., Karduna A., Iannotti JP, Ramsey M.2001. The floating shoulder: a biomechanical basis for classification and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am83-A: 1182-87.
