Primary Flexor Tendon Repair Techniques

Kursa K Lattanza L Diao E Rempel D : In vivo flexor tendon forces increase with finger and wrist flexion during active finger flexion and extension. J Orthop Res 2006;24:763–769.

Schuind F Garcia-Elias M Cooney WP An K-N : Flexor tendon forces: In vivo measurements. J Hand Surg 1992;17A:291–298.

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Zhao C Amadio PC Zobitz ME Momose T Couvreur P An K-N : Gliding resistance after repair of partially lacerated human flexor digitorum profundus tendon in vitro. Clin Biomech 2001;16:696–701.

Momose T Amadio PC Zhao C Zobitz ME An K-N : The effect of knot location, suture material, and suture size on the gliding resistance of flexor tendons. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;53:806–811.

Halikis MN Manske PR Kubota H Aoki M : Effect of immobilization, immediate mobilization, and delayed mobilization on the resistance to digital flexion using a tendon injury model. J Hand Surg 1997;22A:464–472.

McDowell CL Marqueen TJ Yager D Owen JR Wayne JS : Characterization of the tensile properties and histologic/biochemical changes in normal chicken tendon at the site of suture insertion. J Hand Surg 2002;27A:605–614.

Hitchcock TF Light TR Bunch WH Knight GW Sartori MJ Patwardhan AG Hollyfield RL : The effect of immediate constrained digital motion on the strength of flexor tendon repairs in chickens. J Hand Surg 1987;12A:590–595.

Hatanaka H Manske PR : Effect of suture size on locking and grasping flexor tendon repair techniques. Clin Orthop 2000;375:267–274.

Wada A Kubota H Akiyama T Hatanaka H Miura H Iwamoto Y : Effect of absorbable polydioxanone flexor tendon repair and restricted active mobilization in a canine model. J Hand Surg 2001a;26A:398–406.

Wada A Kubota H Miyanishi K Hatanaka H Miura H Iwamoto Y : Comparison of postoperative early active mobilization and immobilization in vivo utilising four-strand flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 2001b;26B:301–306.

Savage R : In vitro studies of a new method of flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 1985;10B:135–141.

Barrie KA Tomak SL Cholewicki J Merrell GA Wolfe SW : Effect of suture locking and suture caliber on fatigue strength of flexor tendon repairs. J Hand Surg 2001;26A:340–346.

Taras JS Raphael JS Marczyk SC Bauerle WB : Evaluation of suture caliber in flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 2001;26A:1100–1104.

Hotokezaka S Manske PR : Differences between locking loops and grasping loops: Effects on 2-strand core suture. J Hand Surg 1997;22A:995–1003.

Wada A Kubota H Hatanaka H Hotokezaka S Miura H Iwamoto Y : The mechanical properties of locking and grasping suture loop configurations in four-strand core suture techniques. J Hand Surg 2000;25B:548–551.

Xie RG Tang JB : Investigation of locking configurations for tendon repair. J Hand Surg 2005;30A:461–465.

Hatanaka H Manske PR : Effect of the cross-sectional area of locking loops in flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 1999;24A:751–760.

Xie RG Xue HG Gu JH : Effects of locking area on strength of 2- and 4-strand locking tendon repairs. J Hand Surg 2005;30A:455–460.

Kubota H Aoki M Pruitt DL Manske PR : Mechanical properties of various circumferential tendon suture techniques. J Hand Surg 1996;21B:474–480.

Lotz JC Hariharan JS Diao E : Analytic model to predict the strength of tendon repairs. J Orthop Res 1998;16:399–405.

Merrel GA Wolfe SW Kacena WJ Gao Y Cholewicki J Kacena MA : The effect of increased peripheral suture purchase on the strength of flexor tendon repairs. J Hand Surg 2003;28A:464–468.

Viinikainen A Göransson H Huovinen K Kellomäki M Rokkanen P : A comparative analysis of the biomechanical behaviour of five flexor tendon core sutures. J Hand Surg 2004;29B:536–543.

Miller B Dodds SD DeMars A Zagoreas N Waitayawinyu T Trumble TE : Flexor tendon repairs: The impact of Fiberwire on grasping and locking core sutures. J Hand Surg 2007;32A:591–596.

Viinikainen A Góransson H Huovinen K Kellomäki M Törmälä P Rokkanen P : The strength of the 6-strand modified Kessler repair performed with triple-stranded or triple-stranded bound suture in a porcine extensor tendon model. An ex vivo study. J Hand Surg 2007;32A:510–517.

Tsuge K Ikuta Y Matsuishi Y : Repair of flexor tendons by intratendinous tendon suture. J Hand Surg 1977;2:436–440.

Pennington DG : The locking loop tendon suture. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;63:648–652.

Bainbridge LC Robertson C Gillies D Elliot D A Comparison of post-operative mobilization of flexor tendon repairs with “passive flexion-active extension” and” controlled active motion” techniques. J Hand Surg 1994;19B:517–521.

Savage R Risitano G : Flexor tendon repair using a “six strand” method of repair and early active mobilisation. J Hand Surg 1989;14B:396–399.

Shaieb MD Singer DI : Tensile strengths of various suture techniques. J Hand Surg 1997;22B:764–767.

McLarney E Hoffman H Wolfe SW : Biomechanical analysis of the cruciate four-strand flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 1999;24A:295–301.

Barrie KA Tomak SL Cholewicki J Wolfe SW : The role of multiple strands and locking sutures on gap formation of flexor tendon repairs during cyclical loading. J Hand Surg 2000;25A:714–720.

Noguchi M Seiler JG Gelberman RH Sofranko RA Woo SL-Y : In Vitro biomechanical analysis of suture methods for flexor tendon repair. J Orthop Res 1993;11:603–611.

Greenwald DP Hong H-Z May JW : Mechanical analysis of tendon suture techniques. J Hand Surg 1994;19A:641–647.

Sandow MJ McMahon MM : Single-cross grasp six-strand repair for acute flexor tenorrhaphy. Modified Savage technique. Atlas Hand Clin 1996;1:41–64.

Sanders DW Milne AD Dobravec A MacDermid J Johnson JA King GJW : Cyclic testing of flexor tendon repairs: An in vitro biomechanical study. J Hand Surg 1997;22A:1004–1010.

Kubota H Miyanishi K Hoshino S Hatanaka H Iwamoto Y : Effect of a new repair technique on biomechanical properties of canine flexor tendons — In vitro study. Hand Surg 1998;3:247–255.

Aoki M Pruitt DL Kubota H Manske PR : Effect of suture knots on tensile strength of repaired canine flexor tendons. J Hand Surg 1995;20B:72–75.

Tang JB Shi D Gu YQ Chen JC Zhau B : Double and multiple looped suture tendon repair. J Hand Surg 1994;19B:699–703.

Kusano N Yoshizu T Maki Y : Experimental study of two new flexor tendon suture techniques for postoperative early active flexion exercises. J Hand Surg 1999;24B:152–156.

Viinikainen A : Development of new flexor tendon repair technique performed with bioabsorbable poly-L/D-lactide (PLDLA) suture. An experimental ex vivo study. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 2008.

Lim BH Tsai T-M : The six-strand technique for flexor tendon repair. Atlas Hand Clin 1996;1:65–76.

Dona E Turner AL Gianoutsos MP Walsh WR : Biomechanical properties of four circumferential flexor tendon suture techniques. J Hand Surg 2003;28A:824–831.

Cao Y Zhu B Xie RG Tang JB : Influence of core suture purchase length on strength of four-strand tendon repairs. J Hand Surg 2006;31A:107–112.

Tang JB Zhang Y Cao Y Xie RG : Core suture purchase affects strength of tendon repairs. J Hand Surg 2005;30A:1262–1266.

Manske PR Lesker PA : Flexor tendon nutrition. Hand Clin 1985;1:13–24.

Komanduri M Phillips CS Mass DP : Tensile strength of flexor tendon repairs in a dynamic cadaver model. J Hand Surg 1996;21A:605–611.

Pruitt DL Aoki M Manske PR : Effect of suture knot location on tensile strength after flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 1996;21A:969–973.

Alavanja G Dailey E Mass DP : Repair of zone II flexor digitorum profundus lacerations using varying suture sizes: A comparative biomechanical study. J Hand Surg 2005;30A:448–454.

Lawrence TM Davis TRC : A biomechanical analysis of suture materials and their influence on a four-strand flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 2005;30A:836–841.

Trail IA Powell ES Noble J : An evaluation of suture materials used in tendon surgery. J Hand Surg 1989;14B:422–427.

Kujala S Pajala A Kallioinen M Parmila A Tuukkanen J Ryhänen J : Biocompatibility and strength properties of nitinol shape memory alloy suture in rabbit tendon. Biomaterials 2004;25:353–358.

Vizesi F Jones C Lotz N Gianoutsos M Walsh WR : Stress relaxation and creep: Viscoelastic properties of common suture materials used for flexor tendon repair. J Hand Surg 2008;33A:241–246.

Viinikainen A Göransson H Huovinen K Kellomäki M Törmälä P Rokkanen P : Material and knot properties of braided polyester (TicronrG) and bioabsorbable poly-L/D-lactide (PLDLA) 96/4 sutures. J Mat Sci Mat Med 2006;17:169–177.

Bourne RB Bitar H Andreae PR Martin LM Finlay JB Marquis F : In-vivo comparison of four absorbable sutures: Vicryl, Dexon Plus, Maxon and PDS. Can J Surg 1988;31:43–45.

Kangas J Paasimaa S Mäkelä P Leppilahti J Törmälä P Waris T Ashammakhi N : Comparison of strength properties of poly-L/D-lactide (PLDLA) 96/4 and Polyglyconate (MaxonrG) sutures: In vitro, in the subcutis, and in the Achilles tendon of rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res 2001;58:121–126.

Kangas J Pajala A Leppilahti J Ryhänen J Länsman S Törmälä P Waris T Ashammakhi N : Histomorphometric analysis of poly-L/D-lactide 96/4 sutures in the gastrocnemius tendon of rabbits. Int J Artif Organs 2006;29:893–899.

Aoki M Manske PR Pruitt DL Larson BJ : Tendon repair using flexor tendon splints: An experimental study. J Hand Surg 1994;19A:984–990.

Gordon L Tolar M Rao KT Ritchie RO Rabinowitz S Lamb RP : Flexor tendon repair using a stainless steel internal anchor. Biomechanical study on human cadaver tendons. J Hand Surg 1998;23B:37–40.

Silfverskiöld KL Andersson CH : Two new methods of tendon repair: An in vitro evaluation of tensile strength and gap formation. J Hand Surg 1993;18A:58–65.

Su BW Solomos M Barrow A Senoge ME Gilberti M Lubbers L Diao E Quitkin HM Rosenwasser MP : Device for zone-II flexor tendon repair. A multicenter, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg 2005;87:923–935.

Wolfe SW Willis AA Campbell D Clabeaux J Wright TM : Biomechanic comparison of the Teno Fix tendon repair device with the cruciate and modified Kessler repairs. J Hand Surg 2007;32A:356–366.

Lister GD Kleinert HE Kutz JE Atasoy E : Primary flexor tendon repair followed by immediate controlled mobilization. J Hand Surg 1977;2:441–451.

Wade PJF Wetherell RG Amis AA : Flexor tendon repair: Significant gain in strength from the Halsted peripheral suture technique. J Hand Surg 1989;14B:232–235.

Diao E Hariharan JS Soejima O Lotz JC : Effect of peripheral suture depth on strength of tendon repairs. J Hand Surg 1996;21A:234–239.

Lin G-T An K-N Amadio PC Cooney WP : Biomechanical studies of running suture for flexor tendon repair in dogs. J Hand Surg 1988;13A:553–558.

Mashadi ZB Amis AA : Strength of the suture in the epitenon and within the tendon fibres: Development of stronger peripheral suture technique. J Hand Surg 1992;17B:171–175.

Labana N Messer T Lautenschlager E Nagda S Nagle D : A biomechanical analysis of the modified Tsuge suture technique for repair of flexor tendon lacerations. J Hand Surg 2001;26B:297–300.