Abstract

References
1.
Thrasher
JB
Paulson
DF
Prognostic factors in renal cancer . Urol Clin North Am
1993 ;20 :247 –262 .
2.
Hoffman
DM
Gitlitz
BJ
Belldegrun
A
Figlin
RA
Adoptive cellular therapy . Semin Oncol
2000 ;27 :221 –233 .
3.
Favrot
MC
Puisieux
I
Application of gene transfer in cancer immunotherapy. From experimental data to clinical protocols . Adv Exp Med Biol
1998 ; 451 : 539 –541 .
4.
Hoos
A
Levey
DL
Vaccination with heat shock protein-peptide complexes: From basic science to clinical applications . Expert Rev Vaccines
2003 ;2 :369 –379 .
5.
Childs
R
Chernoff
A
Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma . NEJM
2000 ;343 :75 –758 .
6.
Jonas
D
Thoma
B
Beckert
H
Weber
W
The value of morphological prognostic criteria in the assessment of renal cell carcinoma . Urol Int
1985 ;40 :48 –154 .
7.
Thönes
W
Störkel
S
Rumpelt
HJ
. Histopathology and classification of renal cell tumors (adenomas, oncocytomas and carcinomas): The basic cytological and histopathological elements and their use for diagnostics . Pathol Res Pract
1986 ; 181 : 125 –143 .
8.
Kovacs
G
Wilkens
L
Papp
T
de Riese
W
Differentiation between papillary and nonpapillary renal cell carcinomas by DNA analysis . J Nat Cancer Inst
1989 ;81 :527 –530 .
9.
Kovacs
G
Molecular cytogenetics of renal cell tumors . Adv Cancer Res
1993 ;62 :89 –124 .
10.
Kovacs
G
Akhtar
M
Beckwith
BJ
Bugert
P
Cooper
CS
Delahunt
B
Eble
JN
Fleming
S
Ljungberg
B
Medeiros
LJ
Moch
H
Reuter
VE
Ritz
E
Roos
G
Schmidt
D
Srigley
JR
Störkel
S
Vandenberg
E
Zbar
B
The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours . J Pathol
1997 ;183 :131 –133 .
11.
Störkel
S
Eble
JN
Adlakha
K
Amin
M
Blute
ML
Bostwick
DG
Darson
M
Delahunt
B
Iczkowski
K
Classification of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup No. 1. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) . Cancer
1997 ; 80 : 987 –989 .
12.
Beck
SD
Patel
MI
Snyder
ME
Kattan
MW
Motzer
RJ
Reuter
VE
Russo
P
Effect of papillary and chromophobe cell type on disease-free survival after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma . Ann Surg Oncol
2004 ;11 :71 –77 .
13.
Amin
MB
Amin
MB
Tamboli
P
Javidan
J
Stricker
H
de Venturina
Peralta M
Deshpande
A
Menon
M
Prognostic impact of histologic subtyping of adult renal epithelial neoplasms: An experience of 405 cases . Am J Surg Pathol
2002 ;26 :281 –291 .
14.
Ljungberg
B
Alamdari
FI
Stenling
R
Roos
G
Prognostic significance of the Heidelberg classification of renal cell carcinoma . Eur Urol
1999 ;36 :565 –569 .
15.
Amin
MB
Corless
CL
Renshaw
AA
Tickoo
SK
Kubus
J
Schultz
DS
Papillary (chromophil) renal cell carcinoma: Histomorphologic characteristics and evaluation of conventional pathologic prognostic parameters in 62 cases . Am J Surg Pathol
1997 ;21 :621 –635 .
16.
Mancilla-Jimenez
R
Stanley
RJ
Blath
RA
Papillary renal cell carcinoma: A clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study of 34 cases . Cancer
1976 ;38 :2469 –2480 .
17.
Moch
H
Gasser
T
Amin
MB
Torhorst
J
Sauter
G
Mihatsch
MJ
Prognostic utility of the recently recommended histologic classification and revised TNM staging system of renal cell carcinoma: A Swiss experience with 588 tumors . Cancer
2000 ;89 :604 –614 .
18.
Crotty
TB
Farrow
GM
Lieber
MM
Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma: Clinicopathological features of 50 cases . J Urol
1995 ;154 :964 –967 .
19.
Srigley
JR
Eble
JN
Collecting duct carcinoma of kidney . Semin Diagn Pathol
1998 ;15 :54 –67 .
20.
Schullerus
D
Herbes
J
Chudek
J
Kanamaru
H
Kovacs
G
Loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 8p, 9p and 14q is associated with stage and grade of nonpapillary renal cell carcinomas . JPathol
1997 ;183 :151 –155 .
21.
Presti
JC
Jr
Wilhelm
M
Reuter
V
Russo
P
Motzer
R
Waldman
F
Allelic loss on chromosomes 8 and 9 correlates with clinical outcome in locally advanced clear cell carcinoma of the kidney . J Urol
2002 ;167 :1464 –1468 .
22.
Jiang
F
Richter
J
Schraml
P
Bubendorf
L
Gasser
T
Sauter
G
Mihatsch
MJ
Moch
H
Chromosomal imbalances in papillary renal cell carcinoma: Genetic differences between histological subtypes . Am J Pathol
1998 ;153 :1467 –1473 .
23.
Childs
RW
Nonmyeloablative blood stem cell transplantation as adoptive allogeneic immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma . Crit Rev Immunol
2001 ;21 :191 –203 .
24.
Skinner
DG
Colvin
RB
Vermillion
CD
Pfister
RC
Leadbetter
WF
Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathological study of 309 cases . Cancer
1971 ; 28 : 1165 –1177 .
25.
Ljungberg
B
Iranparar
Alamdari F
Rasmuson
T
Roos
G
Follow-up guidelines for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma based on the occurrence of metastases after radical nephrectomy . Br J Urol
1999 ;84 :405 –411 .
26.
Guinan
P
Sobin
LH
Algaba
F
Badellino
F
Kameyama
S
MacLennan
G
Novick
A
TNM staging of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup No. 3. Union International Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) . Cancer
1997 ; 80 : 992 –993 .
27.
Gettman
MT
Blute
ML
Spotts
B
Bryant
SC
Zincke
H
Pathologic staging of renal cell carcinoma: Significance of tumor classification with the 1997 TNM staging system . Cancer
2001 ; 91 :354 –361 .
28.
Butler
BP
Novick
AC
Miller
DP
Campbell
SA
Licht
MR
Management of small unilateral renal cell carcinomas: Radical versus nephron-sparing surgery . Urology
1995 ; 45 : 34 –40 ; discussion 40 –41 .
29.
Javidan
J
Stricker
HJ
Tamboli
P
Amin
MB
Peabody
JO
Deshpande
A
Menon
M
Amin
MB
Prognostic significance of the 1997 TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
1999 ;162 :1277 –1281 .
30.
Sobin
LH
Wittekind
CH
International Union Against Cancer (UICC). TNM classification of malignant tumours . 6th Ed.
New York : 2002 : 193 –195 .
31.
Han
KR
Bui
MH
Pantuck
AJ
Freitas
DG
Leibovich
BC
Dorey
FJ
Zisman
A
Janzen
NK
Mukouyama
H
Figlin
RA
Belldegrun
AS
TNM T3a renal cell carcinoma: Adrenal gland involvement is not the same as renal fat invasion . J Urol
2003 ; 169 : 899 –903 ; discussion 903 –904 .
32.
Fiori
E
de Cesare
A
Galati
G
Bononi
M
D'Andrea
N
Barbarosos
A
Izzo
L
Bolognese
A
Prognostic significance of primary-tumor extension, stage and grade of nuclear differentiation in patients with renal cell carcinoma . J Exp Clin Cancer Res
2002 ;21 :229 –232 .
33.
Ljungberg
B
Stenling
R
Österdahl
B
Farrelly
E
Åberg
T
Roos
G
Vein invasion in renal cell carcinoma: Impact on metastatic behaviour and survival . J Urol
1995 ;154 :1681 –1684 .
34.
Zisman
A
Wieder
JA
Pantuck
AJ
Chao
DH
Dorey
F
Said
JW
Gitlitz
BJ
DeKernion
JB
Figlin
RA
Belldegrun
AS
Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension: Biology, role of nephrectomy and response to immunotherapy . J Urol
2003 ;169 :909 –916 .
35.
Uzzo
RG
Cherullo
EE
Myles
J
Novick
AC
Renal cell carcinoma invading the urinary collecting system: Implications for staging . J Urol
2002 ;167 :2392 –2396 .
36.
Palapattu
GS
Pantuck
AJ
Dorey
F
Said
JW
Figlin
RA
Belldegrun
AS
Collecting system invasion in renal cell carcinoma: Impact on prognosis and future staging strategies . J Urol
2003 ; 170 : 768 –772 ; discussion 772.
37.
Motzer
RJ
Bander
NH
Nanus
DM
Renal-cell carcinoma : N Engl J Med
1996 ; 335 : 865 –875 .
38.
Bretheau
D
Lechevallier
E
de Fromont
M
Sault
MC
Rampal
M
Coulange
C
Prognostic value of nuclear grade of renal cell carcinoma . Cancer
1995 ;76 :2543 –2549 .
39.
Ficarra
V
Righetti
R
Pilloni
S
D'amico
A
Maffei
N
Novella
G
Zanolla
L
Malossini
G
Mobilio
G
Prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma: Retrospective analysis of 675 cases . Eur Urol
2002 ;41 :190 –198 .
40.
Ruiz
JL
Hernandez
M
Martinez
J
Vera
C
Jimenez-Cruz
JF
Value of morphometry as an independent prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma . Eur Urol
1995 ;27 :54 –57 .
41.
Carducci
MA
Piantadosi
S
Pound
CR
Epstein
JI
Simons
JW
Marshall
FF
Partin
AW
Nuclear morphometry adds significant prognostic information to stage and grade for renal cell carcinoma . Urology
1999 ;53 :44 –49 .
42.
Frank
I
Blute
ML
Cheville
JC
Lohse
CM
Weaver
AL
Zincke
H
An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: The SSIGN score . J Urol
2002 ;168 :2395 –2400 .
43.
Frank
I
Blute
ML
Cheville
JC
Lohse
CM
Weaver
AL
Leibovich
BC
Zincke
H
A multifactorial postoperative surveillance model for patients with surgically treated clear cell renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
2003 ;170 :2225 –2232 .
44.
Ljungberg
B
Mehle
C
Stenling
R
Roos
G
Heterogeneity in renal cell carcinoma and its impact on prognosis — A flow cytometric study . Br J Cancer
1996 ;74 :123 –127 .
45.
Di Silverio
F
Casale
P
Colella
D
Andrea
L
Seccareccia
F
Sciarra
A
Independent value of tumor size and DNA ploidy for the prediction of disease progression in patients with organ-confined renal cell carcinoma . Cancer
2000 ;88 :835 –843 .
46.
Sringley
JR
Srigley
JR
Hutter
RV
Gelb
AB
Henson
DE
Kenney
G
King
BF
Raziuddin
S
Pisansky
TM
Current prognostic factors — Renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup No. 4. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) . Cancer
1997 ; 80 : 994 –996 .
47.
Larsson
P
Roos
G
Stenling
R
Ljungberg
B
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in renal cell carcinoma — Prognostic implications . Scand J Urol Nephrol
1996 ;30 :445 –450 .
48.
Larsson
P
Roos
G
Stenling
R
Ljungberg
B
Proliferation of human renal cell carcinoma studied with in vivo iododeoxyuridine labelling and immunohistochemistry . Scand J Urol Nephrol ;8 :135 –140 .
49.
Rioux-Leclercq
N
Epstein
JI
Bansard
JY
Turlin
B
Patard
JJ
Manunta
A
Chan
T
Ramee
MP
Lobel
B
Moulinoux
JP
Clinical significance of cell proliferation, microvessel density, and CD44 adhesion molecule expression in renal cell carcinoma . Hum Pathol
2001 ;32 :1209 –1215 .
50.
Renshaw
AA
Loughlin
KR
Dutta
A
Cyclin A and MIB1 (Ki67) as markers of proliferative activity in primary renal neoplasms . Mod Pathol
1998 ;11 :96396 –6 .
51.
Rioux-Leclercq
N
Turlin
B
Bansard
J
Patard
J
Manunta
A
Moulinoux
JP
Guille
F
Ramee
MP
Lobel
B
Value of immunohistochemical Ki-67 and p53 determinations as predictive factors of outcome in renal cell carcinoma . Urology
2000 ;55 :501 –505 .
52.
Hedberg
Y
Ljungberg
B
Roos
G
Landberg
G
Expression of cyclin D1, D3, E, and p27 in human renal cell carcinoma analysed by tissue microarray . Br J Cancer
2003 ;88 :1417 –1423 .
53.
Aaltomaa
S
Lipponen
P
Ala-Opas
M
Eskelinen
M
Syrjänen
K
Kosma
VM
Expression of cyclins A and D and p21(waf1/cip1) proteins in renal cell cancer and their relation to clinicopathological variables and patient survival . Br J Cancer
1999 ;80 :2001 –2007 .
54.
Migita
T
Oda
Y
Naito
S
Tsuneyoshi
M
Low expression of p27 (Kip1) is associated with tumor size and poor prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma . Cancer
2002 ;94 :973 –979 .
55.
Hedberg
Y
Davoodi
E
Ljungberg
B
Roos
G
Landberg
G
Cyclin E and p27 protein content in human renal cell carcinoma: Clinical outcome and associations with cyclin D . Int J Cancer
2002 ;102 :601 –607 .
56.
Folkman
J
Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease . Nat Med
1995 ;1 :27 –31 .
57.
Wiesener
MS
Munchenhagen
PM
Berger
I
Morgan
NV
Roigas
J
Schwiertz
A
Jurgensen
JS
Gruber
G
Maxwell
PH
Loning
SA
Frei
U
Maher
ER
Grone
HJ
Eckardt
KU
Constitutive activation of hypoxia-inducible genes related to overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in clear cell renal carcinomas . Cancer Res
2001 ;61 :5215 –5222 .
58.
Jacobsen
J
Rasmuson
T
Grankvist
K
Ljungberg
B
Vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
2000 ;163 :343 –347 .
59.
Ljungberg
B
Jacobsen
J
Häggström
S
Rasmuson
T
Lindh
G
Grankvist
K
Tumor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) mRNA in relation to serum VEGF protein levels and tumor progression in human renal cell carcinoma . Urol Res
2003 ;31 :335 –340 .
60.
Moch
H
Sauter
G
Gasser
TC
Buchholz
N
Bubendorf
L
Richter
J
Jiang
F
Dellas
A
Mihatsch
MJ
P53 protein expression but not mdm-2 protein expression is associated with rapid tumor cell proliferation and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma . Urol Res
1997 ;25 :S25 –30 .
61.
Uchida
T
Gao
JP
Wang
C
Jiang
SX
Muramoto
M
Satoh
T
Minei
S
Shimura
S
Irie
A
Kameya
T
Baba
S
Clinical significance of p53, mdm2, and bcl-2 proteins in renal cell carcinoma . Urology
2002 ;59 :615 –620 .
62.
Ljungberg
B
Bozoky
B
Kovacs
G
Stattin
P
Farrelly
E
Nylander
K
Landberg
G
P53 expression in correlation to clinical outcome in patients with renal cell carcinoma . Scand J Urol Nephrol
2001 ;35 :15 –20 .
63.
Huang
A
Fone
PD
Gandour-Edwards
R
White
RW
Low
RK
Immunohistochemical analysis of BCL-2 protein expression in renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
1999 ;162 :610 –613 .
64.
Ljungberg
B
Österdahl
B
Mehle
C
Clinical significance of nm23 expression in renal cell carcinoma . Urol Res
1999 ;27 :103 –107 .
65.
Hofmockel
G
Riess
S
Bassukas
ID
Dammrich
J
Epidermal growth factor family and renal cell carcinoma: Expression and prognostic impact . Eur Urol
1997 ;31 :478 –484 .
66.
Stumm
G
Eberwein
S
Rostock-Wolf
S
Stein
H
Pomer
S
Schlegel
J
Waldherr
R
Concomitant overexpression of the EGFR and erbB-2 genes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is correlated with dedifferentiation and metastasis . Int J Cancer
1996 : 20 ; 69 : 17 –22 .
67.
Rasmuson
T
Grankvist
K
Ljungberg
B
Soluble ectodomain of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in relation to tumour stage and grade in human renal cell carcinoma . Br J Cancer
1997 ;75 :1674 –1677 .
68.
Murakami
Y
Kanda
K
Tsuji
M
Kanayama
H
Kagawa
S
MN/CA9 gene expression as a potential biomarker in renal cell carcinoma . BJU Int
1999 ;83 :743 –747 .
69.
Patard
JJ
Leray
E
Rodriguez
A
Rioux-Leclercq
N
Guille
F
Lobel
B
Correlation between symptom graduation, tumor characteristics and survival in renal cell carcinoma . Eur Urol
2003 ;44 :226 –232 .
70.
Abou
Fettouh HI
El Cherullo
EE
El-Jack
M
Al Maslamani
Y
Novick
AC
Sporadic renal cell carcinoma in young adults: Presentation, treatment, and outcome . Urology
2002 ;60 :806 –810 .
71.
Kim
HL
Belldegrun
AS
Freitas
DG
Bui
MH
Han
KR
Dorey
FJ
Figlin
RA
Paraneoplastic signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinoma: Implications for prognosis . J Urol
2003 ;170 :1742 –1746 .
72.
Pantuck
AJ
Zisman
A
Rauch
MK
Belldegrun
A
Incidental renal tumors . Urology
2000 ;56 :190 –196 .
73.
Tsui
KH
Shvarts
O
Smith
RB
Figlin
RA
DeKernion
JB
Belldegrun
A
Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: A multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria . J Urol
2000 ;163 :1090 –1095 .
74.
Ljungberg
B
Landberg
G
Alamdari
F
Factors of importance for prediction of survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, treated with or without nephrectomy . Scand J Urol Nephrol
2000 ;34 :246 –251 .
75.
Schips
L
Lipsky
K
Zigeuner
R
Salfellner
M
Winkler
S
Langner
C
Rehak
P
Pummer
K
Hubmer
G
Impact of tumor-associated symptoms on the prognosis of patients with renal cell carcinoma: A single-center experience of 683 patients . Urology
2003 ;62 :1024 –1028 .
76.
Ljungberg
B
Grankvist
K
Rasmuson
T
Serum acute phase reactants and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma . Cancer
1995 ;76 :1435 –1439 .
77.
Roosen
JU
Engel
U
Jensen
RH
Kvist
E
Schou
G
Renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic factors . Br J Urol
1994 ;74 :160 –164 .
78.
Dosquet
C
Coudert
MC
Lepage
E
Cabane
J
Richard
F
Are angiogenic factors, cytokines, and soluble adhesion molecules prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma ? Clin Cancer Res
1997 ;3 :2451 –2458 .
79.
Rasmuson
T
Grankvist
K
Roos
G
Ljungberg
B
Neuroendocrine differentiation in renal cell carcinoma — Evaluation of chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase . Acta Oncol
1999 ; 38 :623 –628 .
80.
Ljungberg
B
Rasmuson
T
Grankvist
K
Erythropoietin in renal cell carcinoma: Evaluation of its usefulness as a tumor marker . Eur Urol
1992 ;21 :160 –163 .
81.
Ljungberg
B
Grankvist
K
Ljungberg
B
Rasmuson
T
Evaluation of five glycoprotein tumour markers (CEA, CA-50, CA-19-9, CA-125, CA-15-3) for the prognosis of renal-cell carcinoma . Int J Cancer
1997 ;74 :233 –236 .
82.
Mickisch
GH
Garin
A
van Poppel
H
de Prijck
L
Sylvester
R
EORTC Genitourinary Group. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: A randomised trial . Lancet
2001 ;358 :966 –970 .
83.
Flanigan
RC
Salmon
SE
Blumenstein
BA
Bearman
SI
Roy
V
McGrath
PC
Caton
JR
Jr
Munshi
N
Crawford
ED
Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer . N Engl J Med
2001 ; 345 : 1655 –1659 .
84.
van der Poel
HG
Roukema
JA
Horenblas
S
van Geel
AN
Debruyne
FM
Metastasectomy in renal cell carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective analysis . Eur Urol
1999 ;35 :197 –203 .
85.
Pfannschmidt
J
Hoffmann
H
Muley
T
Krysa
S
Trainer
C
Dienemann
H
Prognostic factors for survival after pulmonary resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma . Ann Thorac Surg
2002 ;74 :1653 –1657 .
86.
Tanguay
S
Pisters
LL
Lawrence
DD
Dinney
CP
Therapy of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy . J Urol
1996 ;155 :26 –29 .
87.
Schlichter
A
Wunderlich
H
Junker
K
Kosmehl
H
Zermann
DH
Schubert
J
Where are the limits of elective nephron-sparing surgery in renal cell carcinoma ? Eur Urol
2000 ;37 :517 –520 .
88.
Fergany
AF
Hafez
KS
Novick
AC
Long-term results of nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: 10-year followup . J Urol
2000 ;163 :442 –445 .
89.
Kattan
MW
Reuter
V
Motzer
RJ
Katz
J
Russo
P
A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
2001 ;166 :63 –67 .
90.
Zisman
A
Pantuck
AJ
Dorey
F
Said
JW
Shvarts
O
Quintana
D
Gitlitz
BJ
DeKernion
JB
Figlin
RA
Belldegrun
AS
Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system . J Clin Oncol
2001 ;19 :1649 –1657 .
91.
Zisman
A
Pantuck
AJ
Wieder
J
Chao
DH
Dorey
F
Said
JW
DeKernion
JB
Figlin
RA
Belldegrun
AS
Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma . J Clin Oncol
2002 ; 20 : 4559 –4566 .
92.
Griffiths
DF
Verghese
A
Golash
A
Kynaston
HG
Matthews
PN
Hart
AJ
Court
JB
. Contribution of grade, vascular invasion and age to outcome in clinically localized renal cell carcinoma . BJU Int
2002
90 : 26 –31 .
