Abstract

References
1.
Ferlay
J
Bray
P
Pisani
P
Parkin
DM
GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, Version 1.0 . IARC CancerBase No. 5 , Lyon
IARC Press
2001 .
2.
Chow
WH
Devesa
SS
Warren
JL
Fraumeni
JF
Jr
Rising incidence of renal cell cancer in the United States . JAMA
1999 ;281 (17 ):1628 –1631 .
3.
Vaishampayan
UN
Do
H
Hussain
M
Schwartz
K
Racial disparity in incidence patterns and outcome of kidney cancer . Urology
2003 ;62 (6 ):1012 –1017 .
4.
Mathew
A
Devesa
SS
Fraumeni
JF
Chow
WH
Global increases in kidney cancer incidence, 1973–1992 . Eur J Cancer Prev
2002 ;11 (2 ):171 –178 .
5.
Tsui
KH
Shvarts
O
Smith
RB
Figlin
R
de Kernion
JB
Belldegrun
A
Renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic significance of incidentally detected tumors . J Urol
2000 ;163 (2 ):426 –430 .
6.
Jayson
M
Sanders
H
Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma . Urology
1998 ;51 (2 ):203 –205 .
7.
Lightfoot
N
Conlon
M
Kreiger
N
Bissett
R
Desai
M
Warde
P
Prichard
HM
Impact of noninvasive imaging on increased incidental detection of renal cell carcinoma . Eur Urol
2000 ;37 (5 ):521 –527 .
8.
Bos
SD
Mellema
CT
Mensink
HJ
Increase in incidental renal cell carcinoma in the northern part of the Netherlands . Eur Urol
2000 ;37 (3 ):267 –270 .
9.
Homma
Y
Kawabe
K
Kitamura
T
Nishimura
Y
Shinohara
M
Kondo
Y
Saito
I
Minowada
S
Asakage
Y
Increased incidental detection and reduced mortality in renal cancer — Recent retrospective analysis at eight institutions . Int J Urol
1995 ;2 (2 ):77 –80 .
10.
Beisland
C
Medby
PC
Beisland
HO
Renal cell carcinoma: Gender difference in incidental detection and cancer-specific survival . Scand J Urol Nephrol
2002 ;36 (6 ):414 –418 .
11.
Schips
L
Lipsky
K
Zigeuner
R
Salfellner
M
Winkler
S
Langner
C
Rehak
P
Pummer
K
Hubmer
G
Impact of tumor-associated symptoms on the prognosis of patients with renal cell carcinoma: A single-center experience of 683 patients . Urology
2003 ;62 (6 ):1024 –1028 .
12.
Luciani
LG
Cestari
R
Tallarigo
C
Incidental renal cell carcinoma-age and stage characterization and clinical implications: Study of 1092 patients (1982–1997) . Urology
2000 ;56 (1 ):58 –62 .
13.
Mevorach
RA
Segal
AJ
Tersegno
ME
Frank
IN
Renal cell carcinoma: Incidental diagnosis and natural history: Review of 235 cases . Urology
1992 ;39 (6 ):519 –522 .
14.
Hock
LM
Lynch
J
Balaji
KC
Increasing incidence of all stages of kidney cancer in the last 2 decades in the United States: An analysis of surveillance, epidemiology and end results program data . J Urol
2002 ;167 (1 ):57 –60 .
15.
Sant
M
Capocaccia
R
Coleman
MP
Berrino
F
Gatta
G
Micheli
A
Verdecchia
A
Faivre
J
Hakulinen
T
Coebergh
JW
Martinez-Garcia
C
Forman
D
Zappone
A
Cancer survival increases in Europe, but international differences remain wide . Eur J Cancer
2001 ;37 (13 ):1659 –1667 .
16.
Sant
M
Aareleid
T
Berrino
F
Bielska
Lasota M
Carli
PM
Faivre
J
Grosclaude
P
Hédelin
G
Matsuda
T
Møller
H
Möller
T
Verdecchia
A
Capocaccia
R
Gatta
G
Micheli
A
Santaquilani
M
Roazzi
P
Lisi
D
EUROCARE-3: Survival of cancer patients diagnosed 1990–94-results and commentary . Ann Oncol
2003 ;14 :V61 –V118 .
17.
Brenner
H
Hakulinen
T
Long-term cancer patient survival achieved by the end of the 20th century: Most up-to-date estimates from the nationwide Finnish cancer registry . Br J Cancer
2001 ;85 (3 ):367 –371 .
18.
Talbäck
M
Stenbeck
M
Rosén
M
Barlow
L
Glimelius
B
Cancer survival in Sweden 1960–1998—developments across four decades . Acta Oncol
2003 ;42 (7 ):637 –659 .
19.
Jemal
A
Tiwari
RC
Murray
T
Ghafoor
A
Samuels
A
Ward
E
Feuer
EJ
Thun
MJ
Cancer statistics, 2004 . CA Cancer J Clin
2004 ;54 (1 ):8 –29 .
20.
Motzer
RJ
Russo
P
Systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
2000 ;163 (2 ):408 –417 .
21.
Motzer
RJ
Bander
NH
Nanus
DM
Renal-cell carcinoma . N Engl J Med
1996 ;335 (12 ):865 –875 .
22.
Guinan
P
Frank
W
Saffrin
R
Rubenstein
M
Staging and survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma . Semin Surg Oncol
1994 ;10 (1 ):47 –50 .
23.
Javidan
J
Stricker
HJ
Tamboli
P
Amin
MB
Peabody
JO
Deshpande
A
Menon
M
Amin
MB
Prognostic significance of the 1997 TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
1999 ;162 (4 ):1277 –1281 .
24.
Tsui
KH
Shvarts
O
Smith
RB
Figlin
RA
DeKernion
JB
Belldegrun
A
Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: A multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria . J Urol
2000 ;163 (4 ):1090 –1095 .
25.
Kinouchi
T
Saiki
S
Meguro
N
Maeda
O
Kuroda
M
Usami
M
Kotake
T
Impact of tumor size on the clinical outcomes of patients with Robson State I renal cell carcinoma . Cancer
1999 ;85 (3 ):689 –695 .
26.
Pantuck
AJ
Zisman
A
Belldegrun
AS
The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma . J Urol
2001 ;166 (5 ):1611 –1623 .
27.
Atzpodien
J
Royston
P
Wandert
T
Reitz
M
Metastatic renal carcinoma comprehensive prognostic system . Br J Cancer
2003 ;88 (3 ):348 –353 .
28.
Cheville
JC
Lohse
CM
Zincke
H
Weaver
AL
Blute
ML
Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma . Am J Surg Pathol
2003 ;27 (5 ):612 –624 .
29.
Choyke
PL
Glenn
GM
Walther
MM
Zbar
B
Linehan
WM
Hereditary renal cancers . Radiology
2003 ;226 (1 ):33 –46 .
30.
Linehan
WM
Walther
MM
Zbar
B
The genetic basis of cancer of the kidney . J Urol
2003 ;170 :2163 –2172 .
31.
Hwang
JJ
Uchio
EM
Linehan
WM
Walther
MM
Hereditary kidney cancer . Urol Clin North Am
2003 ;30 (4 ):831 –842 .
32.
Schlehofer
B
Pommer
W
Mellemgaard
A
Stewart
JH
McCredie
M
Niwa
S
Lindblad
P
Mandel
JS
McLaughlin
JK
Wahrendorf
J
International renal-cell-cancer study. VI. the role of medical and family history . Int J Cancer
1996 ; 66 (6 ): 723 –726 .
33.
Gago-Dominguez
M
Yuan
JM
Castelao
JE
Ross
RK
Yu
MC
Family history and risk of renal cell carcinoma . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2001 ;10 (9 ):1001 –1004 .
34.
Kreiger
N
Marrett
LD
Dodds
L
Hilditch
S
Darlington
GA
Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: Results of a population-based case-control study . Cancer Causes Control
1993 ;4 :101 –110 .
35.
Czene
K
Hemminki
K
Kidney cancer in the Swedish Family Cancer Database: Familial risks and second primary malignancies . Kidney Int
2002 ;61 (5 ):1806 –1813 .
36.
Brauch
H
Weirich
G
Hornauer
MA
Storkel
S
Wohl
T
Bruning
T
Trichloroethylene exposure and specific somatic mutations in patients with renal cell carcinoma . J Natl Cancer Inst
1999 ;91 (10 ):854 –861 .
37.
Hemminki
K
Jiang
Y
Ma
X
Yang
K
Egevad
L
Lindblad
P
Molecular epidemiology of VHL gene mutations in renal cell carcinoma patients: Relation to dietary and other factors . Carcinogenesis
2002 ;23 (5 ):809 –815 .
38.International Agency for Research on Cancer : In: IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum . IARC Press
Lyon
2004
Vol 83 .
39.
McLaughlin
JK
Lindblad
P
Mellemgaard
A
McCredie
M
Mandel
JS
Schlehofer
B
Pommer
W
Adami
HO
International renal-cell cancer study. I. Tobacco use . Int J Cancer
1995 ; 60 : 194 –198 .
40.
Yuan
JM
Castelao
JE
Gago-Dominguez
M
Yu
MC
Ross
RK
Tobacco use in relation to renal cell carcinoma . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
1998 ;7 (5 ):429 –433 .
41.
Chiu
BC
Lynch
CF
Cerhan
JR
Cantor
KP
Cigarette smoking and risk of bladder, pancreas, kidney, and colorectal cancers in Iowa . Ann Epidemiol
2001 ;11 (1 ):28 –37 .
42.
Chow
WH
Gridley
G
Fraumeni
JF
Järvholm
B
Obesity, hypertension, and the risk of kidney cancer in men . N Engl J Med
2000 ;343 (18 ):1305 –1311 .
43.
Coughlin
SS
Neaton
JD
Randall
B
Sengupta
A
Predictors of mortality from kidney cancer in 332,547 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial . Cancer
1997 ;79 :2171 –2177 .
44.
Heath
CW
Jr
Lally
CA
Calle
EE
McLaughlin
JK
Thun
MJ
Hypertension, diuretics, and antihypertensive medications as possible risk factors for renal cell cancer . Am J Epidemiol
1997 ;145 :607 –613 .
45.
McLaughlin
JK
Hrubec
Z
Heineman
EF
Blot
WJ
Fraumeni
JF
Jr
Renal cancer and cigarette smoking in a 26-year followup of U.S. veterans . Public Health Rep
1990 ; 105 : 535 –537 .
46.
Parker
AS
Cerhan
JR
Janney
CA
Lynch
CF
Cantor
KP
Smoking cessation and renal cell carcinoma . Ann Epidemiol
2003 ;13 (4 ):245 –251 .
47.
Lindblad
P
Adami
HO
Kidney Cancer . In: Textbook of cancer epidemiology . Eds
Adami
HO
Hunter
D
Trichopoulos
D
Oxford University Press
New York
2002 pp. 467 –485 .
48.
Gnarra
JR
Von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations in human and rodent renal tumors — Association with clear cell phenotype . J Natl Cancer Inst
1998 ;90 :1685 –1687 .
49.
Shiao
YH
Rice
JM
Anderson
LM
Diwan
BA
Hard
GC
Von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations in N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced rat renal epithelial tumors . J Natl Cancer Inst
1998 ;90 :1720 –1723 .
50.
Semenza
JC
Ziogas
A
Largent
J
Peel
D
Anton-Culver
H
Gene-environment interactions in renal cell carcinoma . Am J Epidemiol
2001 ;153 (9 ):851 –859 .
51.
Wolk
A
Lindblad
P
Adami
HO
Nutrition and renal cell cancer . Cancer Causes Control
1996 ;7 :5 –18 .
52.
Mellemgaard
A
Lindblad
P
Schlehofer
B
Bergström
R
Mandel
JS
McCredie
M
McLaughlin
JK
Niwa
S
Odaka
N
Pommer
WW
Olsen
JH
International renal-cell cancer study. III. Role of weight, height, physical activity, and use of amphetamines . Int J Cancer
1995 ; 60 : 350 –354 .
53.
Yuan
JM
Castelao
JE
Gago-Dominguez
M
Ross
RK
Yu
MC
Hypertension, obesity and their medications in relation to renal cell carcinoma . Br J Cancer
1998 ;77 :1508 –1513 .
54.
Hu
J
Mao
Y
White
K
Overweight and obesity in adults and risk of renal cell carcinoma in Canada . Soz Praventivmed
2003 ;48 (3 ):178 –185 .
55.
Bergström
A
Hsieh
CC
Lindblad
P
Lu
CM
Cook
NR
Wolk
A
Obesity and renal cell cancer — A quantitative review . Br J Cancer
2001 ;85 (7 ):984 –990 .
56.
Lindblad
P
Chow
WH
Chan
J
Bergstrom
A
Wolk
A
Gridley
G
McLaughlin
JK
Nyren
O
Adami
HO
The role of diabetes mellitus in the aetiology of renal cell cancer . Diabetologia
1999 ;42 (1 ):107 –112 .
57.
Prineas
RJ
Folsom
AR
Zhang
ZM
Sellers
TA
Potter
J
Nutrition and other risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in postmenopausal women . Epidemiology
1997 ;8 :31 –36 .
58.
Nicodemus
KK
Sweeney
C
Folsom
AR
Evaluation of dietary, medical and lifestyle risk factors for incident kidney cancer in postmenopausal women . Int J Cancer
2004 ;108 (1 ):115 –121 .
59.
McCredie
M
Stewart
JH
Risk factors for kidney cancer in New South Wales, Australia. II. Urologic disease, hypertension, obesity, and hormonal factors . Cancer Causes Control
1992 ; 3 : 323 –331 .
60.
Benichou
J
Chow
WH
McLaughlin
JK
Mandel
JS
Fraumeni
JF
Jr
Population attributable risk of renal cell cancer in Minnesota [see comments] . Am J Epidemiol
1998 ;148 :424 –430 .
61.
Pan
SY
Johnson
KC
Ugnat
AM
Wen
SW
Mao
Y
Association of obesity and cancer risk in Canada . Am J Epidemiol
2004 ;159 (3 ):259 –268 .
62.
Bergström
A
Pisani
P
Tenet
V
Wolk
A
Adami
HO
Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe . Int J Cancer
2001 ;91 (3 ):421 –430 .
63.
Menezes
RJ
Tomlinson
G
Kreiger
N
Physical activity and risk of renal cell carcinoma . Int J Cancer
2003 ;107 (4 ):642 –646 .
64.
Mahabir
S
Leitzmann
MF
Pietinen
P
Albanes
D
Virtamo
J
Taylor
PR
Physical activity and renal cell cancer risk in a cohort of male smokers . Int J Cancer
2004 ;108 (4 ):600 –6005 .
65.
Lindblad
P
Wolk
A
Bergstrom
R
Persson
I
Adami
HO
The role of obesity and weight fluctuations in the etiology of renal cell cancer: A population-based case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
1994 ;3 :631 –639 .
66.
Bergström
A
Moradi
T
Lindblad
P
Nyrén
O
Adami
HO
Wolk
A
Occupational physical activity and renal cell cancer; a nationwide cohort study in Sweden . Int J Cancer
1999 ; 83 :186 –191 .
67.
Wolk
A
Gridley
G
Niwa
S
Lindblad
P
McCredie
M
Mellemgaard
A
Mandel
JS
Wahrendorf
J
McLaughlin
JK
Adami
HO
International renal cell cancer study. VII. Role of diet . Int J Cancer
1996 ; 65 : 67 –73 .
68.
Yuan
JM
Gago-Dominguez
M
Castelao
JE
Hankin
JH
Ross
RK
Yu
MC
Cruciferous vegetables in relation to renal cell carcinoma . Int J Cancer
1998 ;77 :211 –216 .
69.
Hu
J
Mao
Y
White
K
Diet and vitamin or mineral supplements and risk of renal cell carcinoma in Canada . Cancer Causes Control
2003 ;14 (8 ):705 –714 .
70.
Lindblad
P
Wolk
A
Bergström
R
Adami
HO
Diet and risk of renal cell cancer: A population-based case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
1997 Apr; 6 : 215 –223 .
71.
Handa
K
Kreiger
N
Diet patterns and the risk of renal cell carcinoma . Public Health Nutr
2002 ;5 (6 ):757 –767 .
72.
Dragsted
LO
Strube
M
Larsen
JC
Cancer-protective factors in fruits and vegetables: Biochemical and biological background . Pharmacol Toxicol
1993 ;72 :116 –135 .
73.
Parker
AS
Cerhan
JR
Lynch
CF
Ershow
AG
Cantor
KP
Gender, alcohol consumption, and renal cell carcinoma . Am J Epidemiol
2002 ;155 (5 ):455 –462 .
74.
Lindblad
P
Mellemgaard
A
Schlehofer
B
Adami
HO
McCredie
M
McLaughlin
JK
Mandel
JS
International renal-cell cancer study. V. Reproductive factors, gynecologic operations and exogenous hormones . Int J Cancer
1995 ; 61 : 192 –198 .
75.
Chow
WH
McLaughlin
JK
Mandel
JS
Blot
WJ
Niwa
S
Fraumeni
JF
Jr
Reproductive factors and the risk of renal cell cancer among women . Int J Cancer
1995 ;60 :321 –324 .
76.
Lambe
M
Lindblad
P
Wuu
J
Remler
R
Hsieh
CC
Pregnancy and risk of renal cell cancer: A population-based study in Sweden . Br J Cancer
2002 ;86 (9 ):1425 –1429 .
77.
Kleinerman
RA
Boice
JD
Jr
Storm
HH
Sparen
P
Andersen
A
Pukkala
E
Lynch
CF
Hankey
BF
Flannery
JT
Second primary cancer after treatment for cervical cancer. An international cancer registries study . Cancer
1995 ; 76 (3 ): 442 –452 .
78.
Travis
LB
Curtis
RE
Storm
H
Hall
P
Holowaty
E
Van Leeuwen
FE
Kohler
BA
Pukkala
E
Lynch
CF
Andersson
M
Bergfeldt
K
Clarke
EA
Wiklund
T
Stoter
G
Gospodarowicz
M
Sturgeon
J
Fraumeni
JF
Jr
Boice
JD
Jr
Risk of second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of testicular cancer [see comments] . J Natl Cancer Inst
1997 ;89 (19 ):1429 –1439 .
79.
Weiss
HA
Darby
SC
Doll
R
Cancer mortality following X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis . Int J Cancer
1994 ;59 (3 ):327 –338 .
80.
Oyen
RH
Gielen
JL
Van Poppel
HP
Verbeken
EK
Van Damme
BJ
Baert
LV
Baert
AL
Renal thorium deposition associated with transitional cell carcinoma: Radiologic demonstration in two patients . Radiology
1988 ;169 (3 ):705 –707 .
81.
Nyberg
U
Nilsson
B
Travis
LB
Holm
LE
Hall
P
Cancer incidence among Swedish patients exposed to radioactive thorotrast: A forty-year follow-up survey . Radiat Res
2002 ;157 (4 ):419 –425 .
82.
Asal
NR
Risser
DR
Kadamani
S
Geyer
JR
Lee
ET
Cherng
N
Risk factors in renal cell carcinoma: I. Methodology, demographics, tobacco, beverage use, and obesity . Cancer Detect Prev
1988 ; 11 : 359 –377 .
83.
Mandel
JS
McLaughlin
JK
Schlehofer
B
Mellemgaard
A
Helmert
U
Lindblad
P
McCredie
M
Adami
HO
International renal-cell cancer study. IV. Occupation . Int J Cancer
1995 ; 61 : 601 –605 .
84.
Sali
D
Boffetta
P
Kidney cancer and occupational exposure to asbestos: A meta-analysis of occupational cohort studies . Cancer Causes Control
2000 ;11 (1 ):37 –47 .
85.
Saarni
H
Pentti
J
Pukkala
E
Cancer at sea: A case-control study among male Finnish seafarers . Occup Environ Med
2002 ;59 (9 ):613 –619 .
86.
Pesch
B
Haerting
J
Ranft
U
Klimpel
A
Oelschlägel
B
Schill
W
Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: Agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. MURC Study Group. Multicenter urothelial and renal cancer study . Int J Epidemiol
2000 ; 29 (6 ): 1014 –1024 .
87.
Hu
J
Mao
Y
White
K
Renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada . Occup Med (Lond)
2002 ;52 (3 ):157 –164 .
88.
Chen
CJ
Chen
CW
Wu
MM
Kuo
TL
Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water . Br J Cancer
1992 ;66 :888 –892 .
89.
Hopenhayn-Rich
C
Biggs
ML
Smith
AH
Lung and kidney cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina . Int J Epidemiol
1998 ;27 :561 –569 .
90.
McLaughlin
JK
Blot
WJ
A critical review of epidemiology studies of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene and risk of renal-cell cancer . Int Arch Occup Environ Health
1997 ;70 (4 ):222 –231 .
91.
Raaschou-Nielsen
O
Hansen
J
McLaughlin
JK
Kolstad
H
Christensen
JM
Tarone
RE
Olsen
JH
Cancer risk among workers at Danish companies using trichloroethylene: A cohort study . Am J Epidemiol
2003 ;158 (12 ):1182 –1192 .
92.
Wartenberg
D
Reyner
D
Scott
CS
Trichloroethylene and cancer: Epidemiologic evidence . Environ Health Perspect
2000 ;108 :161 –176 .
93.
Brüning
T
Pesch
B
Wiesenhütter
B
Rabstein
S
Lammert
M
Baumüller
A
Bolt
HM
Renal cell cancer risk and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene: Results of a consecutive case-control study in Arnsberg, Germany . Am J Ind Med
2003 ;43 (3 ):274 –285 .
94.
Ishikawa
I
Uremic acquired renal cystic disease. Natural history and complications . Nephron
1991 ; 58 : 257 –267 .
95.
Marple
JT
MacDougall
M
Chonko
AM
Renal cancer complicating acquired cystic kidney disease . J Am Soc Nephrol
1994 ;4 :1951 –1956 .
96.
Ishikawa
I
Saito
Y
Asaka
M
Tomosugi
N
Yuri
T
Watanabe
M
Honda
R
Twenty-year follow-up of acquired renal cystic disease . Clin Nephrol
2003 ;59 (3 ):153 –159 .
97.
Maisonneuve
P
Agodoa
L
Gellert
R
Stewart
JH
Buccianti
G
Lowenfels
AB
Wolfe
RA
Jones
E
Disney
APS
Briggs
D
McCredie
M
Boyle
P
Cancer in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: An international collaborative study . Lancet
1999 ;354 (9173 ):93 –99 .
98.
Denton
MD
Magee
CC
Ovuworie
C
Mauiyyedi
S
Pascual
M
Colvin
RB
Cosimi
AB
Tolkoff-Rubin
N
Prevalence of renal cell carcinoma in patients with ESRD pre-transplantation: A pathologic analysis . Kidney Int
2002 ;61 (6 ):2201 –2209 .
99.
Doublet
JD
Peraldi
MN
Gattegno
B
Thibault
P
Sraer
JD
Renal cell carcinoma of native kidneys: Prospective study of 129 renal transplant patients . J Urol
1997 ;158 :42 –44 .
100.
Kliem
V
Kolditz
M
Behrend
M
Ehlerding
G
Pichlmayr
R
Koch
KM
Brunkhorst
R
Risk of renal cell carcinoma after kidney transplantation . Clin Transplant
1997 ;11 :255 –258 .
101.
Concolino
G
Lubrano
C
Ombres
M
Santonati
A
Flammia
GP
Di Silverio
F
Acquired cystic kidney disease: The hormonal hypothesis . Urology
1993 ;41 :170 –175 .
102.
Chow
WH
Lindblad
P
Gridley
G
Nyren
O
McLaughlin
JK
Linet
MS
Pennello
GA
Adami
HO
Fraumeni
JF
Jr
Risk of urinary tract cancers following kidney or ureter stones . J Natl Cancer Inst
1997 ;89 :1453 –1457 .
103.
Parker
AS
Cerhan
JR
Lynch
CF
Leibovich
BC
Cantor
KP
History of urinary tract infection and risk of renal cell carcinoma . Am J Epidemiol
2004 ;159 (1 ):42 –48 .
104.
McLaughlin
JK
Chow
WH
Mandel
JS
Mellemgaard
A
McCredie
M
Lindblad
P
Schlehofer
B
Pommer
W
Niwa
S
Adami
HO
International renal-cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti-hypertensive medications and hypertension . Int J Cancer
1995 ; 9 : 216 –221 .
105.
Shapiro
JA
Williams
MA
Weiss
NS
Stergachis
A
LaCroix
AZ
Barlow
WE
Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of renal cell carcinoma . Am J Epidemiol
1999 ;149 (6 ):521 –530 .
106.
Grossman
E
Messerli
FH
Boyko
V
Goldbourt
U
Is there an association between hypertension and cancer mortality ? Am J Med
2002 ;112 (6 ):479 –486 .
