This paper considers the labour market position of Island born and New Zealand born Samoan women under the impact of recession and subsequent economic restructuring. Island born Samoan wo men have become a vital part of the New Zealand labour force in key sectors of the economy where the conditions of employment act as a disincentive to other women. New Zealand born Samoan women, on the other hand, are a more dispensable form of labour.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anthias, F. and N. Yuval-Davis (1983), Contextualising feminism — gender, ethnic and class divisions, Feminist Review, 15, 62-75.
2.
Bedford, R.D. (1985), Immigrant and Locally Born Pacific Island Polynesians , New Zealand Geographer, 41(2), 80-83.
3.
Bedford, R.D. and W. Larner (1990), Island Born and New Zealand Born Pacific Islanders in the Workforce: A Perspective. Unpublished paper presented at a Conference on Pacific Islander Migration and Settlement: Australia, New Zealand and the USA, University of New South Wales , 21-23 September 1990.
4.
Bedford, R.D. and K.D. Gibson (1986), New Zealand, Country Report 23B SPC/ILO Series on Migration, Employment and Development in the South Pacific, Noumea, South Pacific Commission.
5.
Bottomley, G. and M. de Lepervanche (eds) (1984), Ethnicity, Class and Gender in Australia, Sydney, Allen and Unwin.
6.
Britton, S. (1989), Recent Trends in the Internationalization of the New Zealand economy. Unpublished paper presented to the workshop on Economic Restructuring and the Reforming of New Zealand Society, Department of Geography, Otago University, Dunedin, August 1989.
7.
Castles, S. (1989), Restructuring and Migrant Labour: Global Developments and Australian Research, Economic Restructuring and Migrant Labour in the South Pacific, Proceedings of a Seminar run by the Social Sciences Research Fund Committee, Wellington , New Zealand, June 1989.
8.
Castles, S. et al. (1984), Here for Good: Western Europe's New Ethnic Minorities, London, Pluto Press .
9.
Challis, R.L. (1970), Pacific Islanders in Urban Environments in Brown B.M. (ed.), New Zealand in the Pacific, Wellington, Institute of Public Administration.
10.
Cohen, R. (1987), The New Helots: Migrants in the International Division of Labour, Gower, Avebury .
11.
Dex, S. ( 1983), The Second generation: West Indian Female School Leavers in Phizacklea A. (ed.), One Way Ticket: Migrat:on and Female Labour, op. cit.
12.
Didham, R. (1989), Immigrants and Locally Born Pacific Islanders: Two Populations? Unpublished M.A. thesis, Geography Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
13.
Doyal, L. et al. (1978), Your Life in Their Hands: Immigrant workers in the National Health Services in Critical Social Policy, 1(2), 54-71.
14.
Fairbairn, I. (1961), Samoan Migration to New Zealand in Journal ofPolynesian Society70, 18-30.
15.
Gibson, K. (1983), Political Economy and International Labour Migration in New Zealand Geographer, 39(1), 29-42.
16.
Gibson, K. and J. Graham (1986), Situating Migrants in Theory: The case of Filipino migrant construction workers in Capital and Class, 29, 130-49.
17.
Graves, N. (1984), Adaptation of Polynesian Female Migrants in New Zealand in Fawcett J.T., Khoo S-E. and P. Smith (eds), Women in the Cities of Asia: Migration and Urban Adaptation , Boulder, Westview Press.
18.
Heisler, M. and B. Heisler (eds) (1986), From Foreign Workers to Settlers? Transnational migration and the emergence of new minorities, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 485.
19.
Horsfield, A. (1988), Women in the Economy, Ministry of Women's Affairs, Wellington.
20.
Larner, W. (1989), Migration and Female Labour: Samoan women in New Zealand. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Geography Department , University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
21.
Larner, W. (1990), Feminist Methodologies and Population Research , New Zealand Population Review, 16(1), 26-38.
22.
Lee, M. ( 1979), Polynesians in Industry, Report to the Polynesian Advisory Committee of the Vocational Training Council, Wellington .
23.
Macrae, J. (1979), Maoris, Islanders and Europeans: Labour Mobility in New Zealand Industry, Wallman S. (ed.), Ethnicity at Work, London, Macmillan Press.
24.
Mitter, S. (1986), Common Fate, Common Bond: Women in the Global EconomyLondon, Pluto Press.
25.
Moroksavic, M. (1983), Women in Migration: Beyond the Reductionist Outlook in Phizacklea A. (ed.), One Way Ticket: Migration and Female Labour, op. cit.
26.
Moroksavic, M. (1984), 'Birds of Passage are also Women ...', inInternational Migration Review, 18(4), 886-907.
27.
Nacew (1990), Beyond the Barriers: The state, the economy and women's employment 1984-1990, Wellington, Government Printing Office.
28.
New Zealand Department of Statistics (1986 ), New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings, published and unpublished tables.
29.
Phizacklea, A. (1982), Migrant Women and Wage Labour: The case of West Indian women in Britain in West J. (ed.), Work, Women and the Labour Market, op. cit.
30.
Phizacklea, A. (ed.) (1983), One Way Ticket. Migration and Female Labour, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.
31.
Phizacklea, A. (1988), Entrepreneurship, ethnicity and gender in Westwood S. and P. Bhachu (eds), Enterprising Women, London, Routledge.
32.
Pitt, D. and C. MacPherson (1974), Emerging Pluralism, Auckland , Longman Paul.
33.
Sassen, S. (1988), The Mobility of Labour and Capital: A study in International Investment and Labour Flow, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
34.
Society for Research on Women (1979), Immigrant Women: A survey of sixty-two immigrant women in Christchurch, Christchurch.
35.
Spoonley, P. (1976), Prospects for the Niuean Community in Auckland: The role of gatekeeper groups in migrant adaptation. Unpublished MA thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin.
36.
Spoonley, P. (1982), Race Relations in New Zealand Sociological Perspectives , Palmerston North, Dunmore Press .
37.
Ward, K. (ed.) (1990), Women Workers and Economic Restructuring, Ithaca, Cornell University.
38.
West, J. (ed.) (1982), Work, Women and the Labour Market, London, Routledge Kegan Paul.
39.
Westwood, S. and P. Bhachu (eds) (1988), Enterprising Women, London, Routledge.