This review summarises literature concerned with the application of passive dosimeters used for the estimation of the extent of pollution of outdoor and indoor air by organic compounds. The effect of parameters such as tempera ture, relative humidity, air movement, and fluctuation in the concentration of the analytes during pre-concentration in two fundamental types of dosimeters (diffusion and permeation devices) is discussed. Examples of the use of com mercially available dosimeters for air sampling combined with the simulta neous enrichment of the analytes prior to their final determination by various analytical techniques are given.
Indoor Air Quality: Organic Pollutants. Report on WHO Meeting, Berlin, August 1987. Euro Reports and Studies No. 111, 70 p. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
2.
Namieśnik J., Kozdroń B.: Principles of passive dosimetry. Ochrona Powietrza1989;4:89-95.
3.
van de Merbel NC, Hageman JJ, Brinkman UATh: Membrane-based sample preparation for chromatography. J Chromatogr1993;634: 1-29.
4.
Bailey A., Hollingdale-Smith PA: A personal diffusion sampler for evaluating time weighted exposure to organic gases and vapors. Ann Occup Hyg1977;20:345-356.
5.
Bailey A., Hollingdale-Smith PA: Passive sampling and dosimetry; in Reid E (ed): Trace-Organic Sample Handling. Chichester, Horwood, 1981, pp 43-50.
6.
Gromiec J., Wozniczka M.: Passive dosimeters and the possibility of their application in the evaluation of workplace exposure to toxic compounds. Instytut Medycyny Pracy Lódź, Zesz Metod Org1984;4:5-50.
7.
Namieśnik J.: Pre-concentration of gaseous organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Talanta1988;35:567-590.
8.
Cao XL, Hewitt CN: Passive sampling of organic vapours in indoor air; in Saarela K, Kalliokoski P , Seppanen O (eds): Indoor Air 93. Proc 6th Int Conf on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Helsinki, July 1993, vol 2, pp 227-232.
9.
Brown R.: Diffusive sampling. Proc Int Conf Clean Air at Work, Luxembourg, Sept. 1991.
10.
Namieśnik J.: Generation of standard gaseous mixtures. J Chromatogr1984;300:79-108.
11.
Bamberger RL , Esposito GG, Jacobs W., Podolak GE, Mazur JF: A new personal sampler for organic vapors . Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1978;39: 701-708.
12.
Namieśnik J., Górecki T., Kozdròn-Zabiegała B., Janicki W.: Investigations on the applicability of some commercial polyethylene films to permeation-type passive samplers for organic vapours. Indoor Air1992;2:115-120.
13.
Saunders KJ: Techniques for atmospheric analysis; in Albaiges J (ed): Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry , ed 2. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1982, pp 287-296.
14.
Brown VM, Crump DR, Gardiner D., Yu Cwf: Long term diffusive sampling of volatile organic compounds in indoor air. Environ Technol1993;14:771-777.
15.
Mazur JF, Podolak GE, Esposito GG, Rienehart DS, Glenn RE: Evaluation of a passive dosimeter for collection of halothane and enflurane in hospital operating rooms. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1980;41:317-321.
16.
Cao XL, Hewitt CN: Application of passive samplers to the monitoring. Environ Technol1991;12:1055-1062.
17.
Cao XL, Hewitt CN: Evaluation of Tenax-GR adsorbent for the passive sampling of volatile organic compounds at low concentrations. Atmos Environ1993;27A:1865-1872.
18.
Brown RH, Walkin KT: Performance of a tube-type diffusive sampler for organic vapours in air. Anal Proc1981;18:205-208.
19.
Lewis RG, Mulik JD, Coutant RW, Wooten GW, McMillin CR: Thermally desorbable passive sampling device for volatile organic chemicals in ambient air. Anal Chem1985 ;57:214-219.
20.
Lewis RG, Coutant RW, Wooten GW, McMillin CR, Mulik JD: Applicability of passive monitoring devices to measurement of volatile organic chemicals in ambient air. Houston, Tex., March 1983.
21.
Ullrich D.: Diffusive sampling of volatile organic compounds. Proc Int Conf Clean Air at Work, Luxembourg , Sept 1991, pp 349-356.
22.
Vitols V.: On the Suitability of Badge Air Samplers for Human Exposure Assessment. Report NILU, N-200. Lillestrom, Norwegian Institute for Air Research , 1982.
23.
Bertoni G., Canepari S., Rotatori M., Perrino C., Fratarcangeli R., Liberti A.: Evaluation tests and applications of a double-layer tube-type passive sampler . J Chromatogr1990;522:285-294.
24.
Glover JH (ed): Thermal Desorption in Industrial Hygiene and Environmental Analysis. Surrey , Spantech, 1991.
25.
Perkins J.: Laboratory evaluations of passive organic vapor monitors. Ann Am Conf Gov Hyg1981;1:125-170.
26.
Shou-Yein Ho J., Schlecht PC: Permeation characteristics of organic vapors in silicone rubber tubing. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1981;42: 70-76.
27.
Nelms LH, Reiszner KD, West PW: Personal vinyl chloride monitoring device with permeation technique for sampling . Anal Chem1977; 49:994-998.
28.
Brown RH, Charlton J., Saunders KJ: The development of an improved diffusive sampler. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1981;42:865-869.
29.
Namiesnik J. , Górecki T., Kozlowski E., Torres L., Mathieu J.: Passive dosimeters: An approach to atmospheric pollutants analysis. Sci Total Environ1984 ;38:225-258.
30.
Hemingway RE , Dixon SW, Louie CA, Wiernicki C.: Passive dosimeter air monitoring: Field validations. 8th Int Symp on the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases in the Chemical Industry, Frankfurt am Main, June 1982, pp 373-383.
31.
Perez Ballesta P., Gonzalez Ferradas E., Minana Aznar A.: Simultaneous passive sampling of volatile organic compounds. Chemosphere1992;25:1797-1809.
32.
De Bertoli M., Knoppel H., Molhave L., Seifert B., Ullrich D.: Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Passive Samplers for Organic Vapours with Respect to Their Applicability to Indoor Air Pollution Monitoring: A Pilot Study. Report EUR 9450 EN. Luxembourg , Commission of the European Communities ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels, Luxembourg , 1984.
33.
Brown RH, Harvey RP, Purnell CJ, Saunders KJ: A diffusive sampler evaluation protocol. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1984;42:67-75.
34.
Health and Safety Executive: Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances. Protocol for Assessing the Performance of a Diffusive Sampler, MDHS 27. London, Health and Safety Executive, 1983.
35.
Health and Safety Executive: Protocol for the Evaluation of Diffusive Samplers. Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances, MDHS 27. London, Health and Safety Executive, 1987.
36.
Health and Safety Executive: Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances. Analytical Quality in Workplace Air Monitoring, MDHS 71. London, HSE/OMHL , 1991.
37.
Health and Safety Executive: Hydrocarbons in Air: Diffusive Method using Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography. Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances, MDHS 66. London, Health and Safety Executive, 1989.
38.
Health and Safety Executive: Styrene in Air: Laboratory Methods Using Porous Polymer Diffusive Samplers, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography. Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances, MDHS 43. London, HSE, 1985.
39.
Perez Ballesta P., Gonzalez Ferradas E., Minana Aznar A.: Effects of the diffusion membrane on passive sampling. Environ Sci Technol1993; 27:2031-2034.
40.
McKee ES, McConnaughey PW, Pritts IM: Organic vapor dosimeter. Mine safety appliances company. Conf on Sampling and Analysis of Toxic Materials in the Atmosphere , Boulder, Aug 1981.
41.
Namieśnik J., Zygmunt B., Kozdroń-Zabiegala B: Some aspects of indoor air pollution and analysis. Pol J Environ Stud1994;3:5-19.
42.
Evans M., Molyneux M., Sharp T., Bailey A., Hollingdale-Smith PA: The practical application of the porton diffusion sampler for the measurement of time weighted average exposure to volatile organic substances . Ann Occup Hyg1977; 20:357-363.
43.
West PW: Passive monitoring of personal exposures to gaseous toxins. Am Lab1980;12: 35-38.
44.
Coutant RW, Lewis RG, Mulik JD: Modification and evaluation of a thermally desorbable passive sampler for volatile organic compounds in air. Anal Chem1986;58:445-448.
45.
Kring EV, Graybill MW, Morello JA, Ansul GR, Adkins JE Jr, Lautenberger WJ: PRO-TEK Organic Vapor Air Monitoring Badges. Toxic Materials in the Atmosphere, ASTM STP 786. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1983, pp 85-103.
46.
Lautenberger WJ, Kring EV, Morello JA: A new personal badge monitor for organic vapors. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1980;41:737-747.
47.
Bjorseth O., Borresen E., Malvik B.: Comparison of Passive Dosimeters and Charcoal Tubes for Styrene and Acetone . 8th Int Symp on the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases in the Chemical Industry, Frankfurt am Main, June 1982, pp 389-397.
48.
Namiesnik J. , Górecki T., Kozdroń B., Torres L.: Determination of selected organic pollutants in indoor air using permeation passive samplers. Int J EnvironAnal Chem1989;37:139-147.
49.
VanDen Hoed N, Halmans MTH: Sampling and thermal desorption efficiency of tube-type diffusive samplers: Selection and performance of adsorbents. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1987;48(4): 364-373.
50.
De Bertoli M., Knoppel H., Pecchio E., Vissers H.: Performance of a thermally desorbable diffusion sampler for personal and indoor air monitoring . Environ Int1989; 15:427-434.
51.
Bertoni G., Perrino C., Liberti A.: A graphitised carbon black diffusive sampler for the monitoring of organic vapours in the environment. Anal Lett1982 ;15:1039-1050.
52.
Bertoni G., Perrino C., Fratarcangeli R., Liberti A.: Critical parameters for the adsorption of gaseous pollutants on passive samplers made of low specific area adsorbents. Anal Lett1985; 18:429-438.
53.
Giese U., Stenner H., Ludwig E., Kettrup A.: Determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in single and multi-component test gases. Fresenius JAnal Chem1990;338:610-614.
54.
Brown RH: The use of diffusive samplers for monitoring of ambient air. PureAppl Chem1993;65:1859-1874.
55.
Gutschmidt K., Kettrup A.: A diffusive sampling technique for the determination of volatile substances in the air at the workplace. Fresenius Environ Bull1992 ; 1:388-393.
56.
Brown VM, Crump DR, Gardiner D.: Measurement of volatile organic compounds in indoor air by passive technique . Environ Technol1992;13:367-375.
57.
Stockton D. , Underhill DW: Field evaluation of passive organic vapor samplers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1985;46:526-531.
58.
van Mensch FH , de Graaf JWA: The use of air monitoring badges for health protection in handling chlorinated solvents mixtures; in Collings AJ, Luxon SG (eds): Safe Use Solvents. Proc Int Symp. London , Academic Press, 1982, vol 209, p 218.
59.
Pristas R.: Benzene in air: Organic vapor monitors versus charcoal tube. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1991;52:297-304.
60.
Triebig SG, Schaller KH: Air monitoring of solvent exposed workers with passive samplers in comparison to 'biological monitoring' (BM). Toxicol Environ Chem1986;12:285-312.
61.
Rodriguez ST , Gosselink DW, Mullins HE: Determination of desorption efficiencies in the 3M 3500 Organic Vapor Monitor. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1982;43:569-574.
