The first histologically and clinically documented case of pneumoconiosis caused by prolonged polyvinyl chloride (PVC) inhalation was described in 1970. A series of human epidemiological as well as some experimental studies confirmed the existence of PVC pneumoconiosis. Pyrolytic products of PVC, of vinyl chloride and of plasticisers and stabilisers may irritate the respiratory organs, causing fibrosis, asthma, bronchitis and even cancer of the lung. Work ers employed in PVC plants are at high risk with respect to PVC-induced lung disease.
Zenker FA: Staubinhalationskrankheiten der Lungen. Dtsch Arch Klin Med1867;2:116.
2.
Spencer H.: Pathology of the Lung. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1985, vol 2.
3.
Roe Fjc, Dukes CE, Mitchley Bcv: Sarcomas at the site of implantation of a polyvinyl plastic sponge: Incidence reduced by use of thin implants. Biochem Pharmacol1967;16:647.
4.
Editorial: Toxic substances in endotracheal tubes. BMJ1968;(Sept):566.
5.
Mondoev GL, Bogachuk GP, Barkova NP: Experimental substantiation of the maximum permissible exposure levels of gases discharged from polymer materials with reference to their olfactory effect. Gig Sanit1991;1:14-17.
6.
Szende B., Lapis K., Nemes A., Pinter A.: Pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of polyvinylchloride dust. Med Lav1970;61:433-436.
7.
Cordasco EM, Demeter S.: Pulmonic manifestations of polyvinyl chloride exposures. Symp, Republic Hospital, Dusambe, Tajiskistan, Oct 1978.
8.
Lilis R., Anderson HA, Daum S., Selikoff IJ: Liver function among 1,177 vinylchloride polymerization workers. 18th Int Conf onOccup Health, Brighton, Sept 1975.
9.
Lilis R., Anderson HA, Miller A., Selikoff IJ: Pulmonary changes among vinylchloride polymerization workers. Chest1976 ;69:299S-303S.
10.
Miller A., Teirstein A., Chuang M., Selikoff S., Warshaw R.: Changes in pulmonary function in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Ann NY Acad Sci1975 ;246:42-52.
11.
Suciu I., Drejman I., Valaskai M.: Study of diseases caused by vinyl chloride. Med Lav1967; 58:261-271.
12.
Arnaud A., Pommier De Santi P., Garbe L., Payan H., Charpin J.: Polyvinyl chloride pneumoconiosis. Thorax1978;33:19-25.
13.
Antti-Poika M., Nordman H., Nickels J., Keskinen H., Viljanen A.: Lung disease after exposure to polyvinyl chloride dust. Thorax1986;41: 566-567.
14.
Wegman D. (Massachusetts Division of Occupational Hygiene, Boston): Discussion: Further results in polyvinyl chloride production workers. Ann NY Acad Sci1975;246:18-21.
15.
Soutar CA, Copland LH, Thornley PE: Epidemiological study of respiratory disease in workers exposed to polyvinylchloride dust. Thorax1980;35:644-652.
16.
Soutar CA, Gauld S.: Clinical studies of workers exposed to polyvinylchloride dust. Thorax1983;38:834-839.
17.
Ng TP, Lee HS, Low YM, Phoon WH, Ng YL: Pulmonary effects of polyvinyl chloride dust exposure on compounding workers . Scand J Work Environ Health1991;17:53-59.
18.
Lee HS, Ng TP, Ng YL, Phoon WH: Diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate among polyvinylchloride compounding workers. Br J Ind Med1991;48:275-278.
19.
Oleru UG, Onyekwere C.: Exposures to polyvinyl chloride, methyl ketone and other chemicals: The pulmonary and non-pulmonary effect. Int Arch Occup Environ Health1992;63: 503-507.
20.
Frongia N., Spinazzola A., Bucarelli A.: Lesioni pulmonari sperimentali da inalazione prolungate di polveri di PVC in ambiente di lavoro. Med Lav1974;65:321-342.
21.
Rathbun MA, Craig RG, Hanks CT, Filisko FE: Cytotoxicity of a BIS-GMA dental composite before and after leaching in organic solvents. J Biomed Mater Res1991;25:443-457.
22.
Wieslander AP, Nordin MK, Hansson B., Baldetorp B., Kjellstrand PT: In vitro toxicity of biomaterials determined with cell density, total protein, cell cycle distribution and adenine nucleotides . Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol1993;21:63-70.
23.
Taningher M. , Parodi S., Grilli S., Colacci A., Mazzullo M., Bordone R., Santi L.: Lack of correlation between alkaline DNA fragmentation and DNA covalent binding induced by polychloroethanes after in vivo administration: Problems related to the assessment of a carcinogenic hazard. Cancer Detect Prev1991;15: 35-39.
24.
Agarwal DK, Dogra RK, Shanker R.: Pathobiochemical response of tracheobronchial lymph nodes following intratracheal instillation of polyvinylchloride dust in rats. Arch Toxicol1991;65:510-517.
25.
Bommer J., Weinreich T., Lovett DH, Bouillon R., Ritz E., Gemsa D.: Particles from dialysis tubing stimulate interleukin-1 secretion by macrophages . Nephrol Dial Transplant1990;5: 208-213.
26.
Voss B., Wiethege T., Fisseler-Eckhoff A., Muller KM: Connective tissue formation in the lungs. Pneumologie1991;45:432-435.
27.
Jayabalan M. , Kumar NS, Rathinam K., Kumari TV: In vivo biocompatibility of an aliphatic crosslinked polyurethane in rabbit. J Biomed Mater Res1991;25:1431-1442.
28.
Zhao Q., Agger MP, Fitzpatrick M., Anderson JM, Hiltner A., Stokes K., Urbanski P.: Cellular interactions with biomaterials: In vivo cracking of prestressed Pellethane 2363-80A. J Biomed Mater Res1990;24:621-637.
29.
Brestkina MD , Soinov SD, Semenenko El , Ivlieva IV, Skoromnov IV, Kutepova LA: Use of bio-testing on aquatic animals in the assessment of the quality of raw materials in the production of polymeric materials of medical purpose. Gig Sanit1991 ;2:83-85.
30.
Smith MD, Barbenel JC, Courtney JM, Grant MH: Novel quantitative methods for the determination of biomaterial cytotoxicity . Int J Artif Organs1992;15:191-194.
31.
Neriueva W.: Toxicological-hygienic assessment of SOP-83-modified artificial leather. Gig Sanit1992;7-8:69-70.
32.
Bardov VG, Stepanenko GA, Izotova PV, Shmuter GM, Khalavchuk IV: Results of toxicological and hygienic studies of plastic articles for medical use. Gig Sanit1992;2:58-60.
33.
Bardov VG, Stepanenko GA, Izotova PV, Shmuter GM, Davidenko LM, Blasiuk MG, PogorelovaV1, Khalavchuk IV: The toxicity of the 'C', 'M' and 'P' brands of polyvinyl chloride plastisols used for making medical articles. Vrach Delo1991;5:84-86.
34.
Cordasco EM , Demeter SL, Kerkay J., Van Ordstrand HS, Lucas EV, Chen T., Golish JA: Pulmonary manifestations of vinyl and polyvinyl chloride (interstitial lung disease). Chest1980;78:828-834.
35.
Lilis R.: Vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride exposure and occupational lung disease . Chest1980;78:826-827.
36.
Ward AM, Udnoon S., Watkins J.: Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vinyl chloride disease. BMJ1976;i:936-938.
37.
Nielsen J., Fahraeus C., Bensryd 1, Akesson B, Welinder H, Linden K, Skerfving S: Small airways function in workers processing polyvinylchloride. Int Arch Occup Environ Health1989;61:427-430.
38.
Gannon PF, Burge PS, Benfield GF: Occupational asthma due to polyethylene shrink wrapping (paper wrapper's asthma) . Thorax1992; 47:759.
39.
Pashayan AG , SanGiovanni C., Davis LE: Positive end-expiratory pressure lowers the risk of laser-induced polyvinylchloride tracheal-tube fires. Anesthesiology1993;79:83-87.
40.
Lilis R., Anderson H., Nicholson WJ, Daum S., Fischbein AS, Selikoff IJ: Prevalence of disease among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers . Ann NY Acad Sci1975;246:22-41.
41.
Creech J., Johnson MN: Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. J Occup Med1974;16:150-151.
42.
Wu W., Steenland K., Brown D., Wells V., Jones J., Schulte P., Halperin W.: Cohort and case-control analyses of workers exposed to vinyl chloride: An update. J Occup Med1989;31:518-523.
43.
Pirastu R., Comba P., Reggiani A., Foa V., Masina A., Maltoni C.: Mortality from liver disease among Italian vinyl chloride monomer/polyvinyl chloride manufacturers. Am J Ind Med1990;17:155-161.
44.
Hagmar L., Akesson B., Nielsen J., Andersson C., Linden K., Attewell R., Moller T.: Mortality and cancer morbidity in workers exposed to low levels of vinyl chloride monomer at a polyvinyl chloride processing plant. Am J Ind Med1990; 17:553-565.
45.
Hatanaka S. , Oneda S., Okazaki K., Shong LJ, Yoshida A., Isaka H., Yoshida H.: Induction of malignant fibrous histiocytoma in female Fisher rats by implantation of cyanoacrylate, zirconia, polyvinyl chloride or silicone. In Vivo1993;7:111-115.
46.
Lanina SY, Strakhova NM, Lappo VG: Toxicological estimate of polyvinyl chloride containers for preparation and storage of blood, its components, preservatives and infusion solutions. Med Prog Technol1992;18:19-22.
47.
Castle L., Jickells SM, Gilbert J., Harrison N.: Migration testing of plastics and microwave-active materials for high-temperature food-use applications. Food Addit Contam1990 ;7:779-796.
48.
Martinez-Martinez L., Pascual A., Perea EJ: Kinetics of adherence of mucoid and non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa to plastic catheters. J Med Microbiol1991;34:7-12.
49.
Kelley J., Allsopp D., Hawksworth DL: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and the toxic gas hypothesis: Microbiological studies of cot mattresses. Hum Exp Toxicol1992;11:347-355.
