This study was carried out in a building located in Antalya in order to determine the optimum combinations of different levels of improvement and PV panel use in existing buildings in terms of energy saving and LCC. Within the framework of TS 825 Thermal Insulation Rules in Buildings, which is the national standard in Turkey, three different levels of insulation in walls, roofs, floors and windows and three different numbers of PV panels for energy production were determined. 18 different alternatives obtained using the orthogonal array for five factors with three levels analyzed have been made. In terms of energy savings, the scenario with the highest levels of insulation for walls, roofs, floors and windows and the use of 12 PV panels is the optimum combination that produces all of its energy needs and switches to surplus energy with +KW after consumption. In terms of LCC, the alternative with 12 PV panels, where wall, floor and windows are the highest and the roof is insulated at level 2, is the best combination. PV panel integration was found to be the most effective parameter in terms of energy savings and LCC.
AşıkoğluA. Cost analysis of insulation materials used to increase energy performance in buildings with Net Present Value method. J Sustain Const Mater Technol2023; 8(2): 134–145.
2.
AşıkoğluA. The effect of roof insulation applied on cooling energy costs in buildings in mediterranean climate. Online Journal of Art and Design2023; 43: 37–46.
3.
Europion Union. The energy performance of building directive 2002/91/EC. Brussels: EU, 2002.
4.
Europion Union. The energy performance of building directive-recast 2010/31/EU. Brussels: EU, 2010.
5.
TaylorMRalonPAnutaHAl-ZoghoulS. IRENA renewable power generation costs in 2019. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency, 2020.
6.
BrodnyJTutakMSakiSA. Forecasting the structure of energy production from renewable energy sources and biofuels in Poland. Energies2020; 13(10): 2539.
7.
KomorowskaABenalcazarPKaszyńskiPKamińskiJ. Economic consequences of a capacity market implementation: the case of Poland. Energy Pol2020; 144: 111683.
8.
OlczakPKomorowskaA. An adjustable mounting rack or an additional PV panel? Cost and environmental analysis of a photovoltaic installation on a household: a case study in Poland. Sustain Energy Technol Assessments2021; 47: 101496.
9.
FrancisAThomasA. A framework for dynamic life cycle sustainability assessment and policy analysis of built environment through a system dynamics approach. Sustain Cities Soc2022; 76: 103521.
10.
NematchouaMKSendrahasinaRMMalmedyCOrosaJASimoEReiterS. Analysis of environmental impacts and costs of a residential building over its entire life cycle to achieve nearly zero energy and low emission objectives. J Clean Prod2022; 373: 133834.
11.
TrianaMAe Silva MachadoRMMartins KamimuraAKörbes BrachtMMeloAPLambertsR. Energy efficiency strategies for Brazilian social housing considering a life cycle perspective: optimisation between thermal autonomy, energy consumption and costs. Energy Build2023; 295: 113254.
12.
Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Environment. Regulation on energy performance in buildings. Ankara: Türkiye Ministry of Environment, 2008.
13.
Turkish Standard TS 825: 2013. Thermal insulation in buildings. Ankara: Turkish Standard Institution, 2013.
14.
AşıkoğluA. Akdeniz İklim Bölgesinde Yer Alan Ülkelerin Nzeb Süreci Ve Uygulamalar. İzmir, Türkiye: Mimarlık & Planlama & Tasarımda Güncel Araştırmalar, 2023, pp. 1–21.
15.
Eurostat. Electricity production capacities for renewables and wastes. Luxembourg City, Luxembourg: Kirchberg District Centre, 2023.
OlczakPMatuszewskaDZabagłoJ. The comparison of solar energy gaining effectiveness between flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors with heat pipe: case study. Energies2020; 13: 1829.
18.
GórnowiczRCastroR. Optimal design and economic analysis of a PV system operating under Net Metering or Feed-In-Tariff support mechanisms: a case study in Poland. Sustain Energy Technol Assessments2020; 42: 100863.
Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. Ankara: Construction and Installation Unit Prices, 2023.
22.
SharmaPVermaASidhuRKPandeyOP. Process parameter selection for strontium ferrite sintered magnets using Taguchi L9 orthogonal design. J Mater Process Technol2005; 168(1): 147–151.
23.
LeungYWWangY. An orthogonal genetic algorithm with quantization for global numerical optimization. IEEE Trans Evol Comput2001; 5(1): 41–53.
24.
MandalVMohanYHemalathaS. Microwave assisted extraction of curcumin by sample–solvent dual heating mechanism using Taguchi L9 orthogonal design. J Pharm Biomed Anal2008; 46(2): 322–327.
25.
SuLZhangJWangCZhangYLiZSongYJinTMaZ. Identifying main factors of capacity fading in lithium ion cells using orthogonal design of experiments. Appl Energy2016; 163: 201–210.
26.
LiuYDengRHaoMYanHYangW. Orthogonal design study on factors effecting on fibers diameter of melt electrospinning. Polym Eng Sci2010; 50(10): 2074–2078.
27.
GeZGaoZSunRZhengL. Mix design of concrete with recycled clay-brick-powder using the orthogonal design method. Construct Build Mater2012; 31: 289–293.
28.
MaSWangHWangYBuHBaiJ. Bio-hydrogen production from cornstalk wastes by orthogonal design method. Renew Energy2011; 36(2): 709–713.
29.
KimSJChoYGOhCSKimDEMoonMBHanHN. Development of a dual phase steel using orthogonal design method. Materials ve Design2009; 30(4): 1251–1257.
30.
LeiGGuoYGZhuJGChenXMXuWShaoKR. Sequential subspace optimization method for electromagnetic devices design with orthogonal design technique. IEEE Trans Magn2012; 48(2): 479–482.
31.
KreiderJFHaberlJS. Predicting hourly building energy use: the great energy predictor shootout--Overview and discussion of results. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) annual meeting1994; 36(6): 1372.
32.
KreiderJFClaridgeDECurtissPDodierRHaberlJSKrartiM. Building energy use prediction and system identification using recurrent neural networks. J Sol Energy Eng1995; 117(3): 161–166.
33.
AntonyJ. Design of experiments for engineers and scientists. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014.
34.
MahieuxCA. Environmental degradation of industrial composites. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005.
35.
XinQ. Optimization techniques in diesel engine system design. In Book: Diesel Engine System Design. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013. DOI: 10.1533/9780857090836.1.203
36.
VigneshMRamanujamR. Laser-assisted high speed machining of Inconel 718 alloy. In High Speed Machining, GuptaKPaulo DavimJ, Cambridge, MA, USA: Academic Press, 2020.
37.
SahooP. Tribological performance of electroless Ni-P coatings. Materials and Surface Engineering. . Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2012, 163–205.
38.
FullerSKPetersenSR. Life-cycle costing manual for the federal energy management program. Washington DC: U.S. Department Energy1996.
39.
MarszalAJHeiselbergP. Life cycle cost analysis of a multi-storey residential Net Zero Energy Building in Denmark. Energy2011; 36: 5600–5609.
40.
KimDChoHKohJImP. Net-zero energy building design and life-cycle cost analysis with air-source variable refrigerant flow and distributed photovoltaic systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2020; 118: 109508.
41.
ZhaoJLiS. Life cycle cost assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis of environment-friendly building insulation materials - a review. Energy Build2022; 254: 111582.
42.
Armendariz-LopezJFLuna-LeonAGonzalez-TrevizoMEArena-GranadosAPBojorquez-MoralesG. Life cycle cost of photovoltaic technologies in commercial buildings in Baja California, Mexico. Renew Energy2016; 87: 564–571.
43.
YeretzianAKaramJ. Optimizing the use of natural ventilation while reducing energy cost_case study for retrofitting an old residential apartment in a Mediterranean city. Energy Build2023; 296: 113371.
44.
NavesAXBarrenecheCFernándezAICabezaLFHaddadANBoerD. Life cycle costing as a bottom line for the life cycle sustainability assessment in the solar energy sector: a review. Sol Energy2019; 192: 238–262.
