This paper reviews the literature on passive building design for improving indoor thermal comfort in tropical climates through a bibliometric analysis. The Web of Science database and CiteSpace were searched, and 722 articles were selected and analyzed to form the body of this article. An overview of the evolution of publications from 1984 to 2021 is first presented, followed by an examination of the co-citation networks of journals, countries, keywords, documents and authors. Co-occurrence analysis of 391 keywords, 861 highly cited publications and the top 15 most frequently mentioned publications and most salient were used to identify research methodologies and to analyze the correlation search of articles. Some notable work on thermal comfort models and passive design strategies suitable for a warm climate is also discussed. The results show that real-time field studies compared to dynamic simulations represent the most outstanding research on passive design and thermal comfort of buildings in tropical climates. In addition, standards such as ASHRAE Standard 55 and ISO Standard 7730 have played an essential role in the evolution of the subject. The results of this study may inspire other researchers and policy makers.
ChenXYangHWangY. Parametric study of passive design strategies for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates: miscellaneous impact factors. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2017; 69: 442–460, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.055.
MukhtarAYusoffMZNgKC. The potential influence of building optimization and passive design strategies on natural ventilation systems in underground buildings: The state of the art. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol2019; 92: 103065. DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103065.
9.
PathiranaSRodrigoAHalwaturaR. Effect of building shape, orientation, window to wall ratios and zones on energy efficiency and thermal comfort of naturally ventilated houses in tropical climate. Int J Energy Environ Eng2019; 10: 107–120. DOI: 10.1007/s40095-018-0295-3.
10.
AlibabaH. Determination of Optimum Window to External Wall Ratio for Offices in a Hot and Humid Climate. Sustain2016; 8: 187. DOI: 10.3390/su8020187.
11.
OchoaCECapelutoIG. Strategic decision-making for intelligent buildings: Comparative impact of passive design strategies and active features in a hot climate. Build Environ2008; 43: 1829–1839. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.10.018.
12.
ManicciaDRutledgeBReaMSMorrowW. Occupant Use of Manual Lighting Controls in Private Offices. J Illumin Eng Soc2013; 28(2): 42–56. DOI: 10.1080/00994480.1999.10748274.
13.
YeonSYuBSeoBYoonYLeeKH. ANN based automatic slat angle control of venetian blind for minimized total load in an office building. Sol Energy2019; 180: 133–145. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.027.
14.
ZhouCWangZChenQJiangYPeiJ. Design optimization and field demonstration of natural ventilation for high-rise residential buildings. Energy Build2014; 82: 457–465. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.06.036.
15.
CatalinaTVirgoneJIordacheV. Study on the Impact of the Building form on the Energy Consumption. Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011:12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, Australia, 14–16 November, pp 1726–1729.
16.
ShinMHaberlJS. Thermal zoning for building HVAC design and energy simulation: A literature review. Energy Build2019; 203: 109429. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109429.
17.
Al-ObaidiKMIsmailMRahmanAMA. A review of skylight glazing materials in architectural designs for a better indoor environment. Mod Appl Sci2013; 8: 68–82. DOI: 10.5539/mas.v8n1p68.
18.
BojićMYikF. Application of advanced glazing to high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. Build Environ2007; 42: 820–828. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.09.021.
DengXTanZ. Numerical analysis of local thermal comfort in a plan office under natural ventilation. Indoor Built Environ2020; 29(7): 972–986. DOI: 10.1177/1420326X19866497.
22.
McPhersonEGHerringtonLPHeislerGM. Impacts of vegetation on residential heating and cooling. Energy Build1988; 12(1): 41–51. DOI: 10.1016/0378-7788(88)90054-0.
23.
KatsifarakiABuenoBKuhnTE. A daylight optimized simulation-based shading controller for venetian blinds. Build Environ2017; 126: 207–220. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.10.003.
24.
ChengVNgEGivoniB. Effect of envelope colour and thermal mass on indoor temperatures in hot humid climate. Sol Energy2005; 78: 528–534. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2004.05.005.
25.
OgoliDM. Predicting indoor temperatures in closed buildings with high thermal mass. Energy Build2003; 35: 851–862. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00246-3.
26.
RalegaonkarR V.GuptaR.. Review of intelligent building construction: A passive solar architecture approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2010; 14: 2238–2242. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.04.016.
27.
DurkaieswaranPMurugavelKK. Various special designs of single basin passive solar still – A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2015; 49: 1048–1060. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.111.
28.
PanchalHSadashivuniKSathyamurthyRMevadaD. Developments and modifications in passive solar still: a review. Desalin Water Treat2019; 143: 158–164. DOI: 10.5004/dwt.2019.23517.
29.
PanchabikesanKVellaisamyKRamalingamV. Passive cooling potential in buildings under various climatic conditions in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2017; 78: 1236–1252. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.030.
30.
GuptaNTiwariGN. Review of passive heating/cooling systems of buildings. Energy Sci Eng2016; 4(5): 305–333. DOI: 10.1002/ese3.129.
31.
ChandelSSSharmaAMarwahaBM. Review of energy efficiency initiatives and regulations for residential buildings in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2016; 54: 1443–1458. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.060.
32.
HanifMMahliaTMIZareASaksahdanTJMetselaarHSC. Potential energy savings by radiative cooling system for a building in tropical climate. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2014; 32: 642–650. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.053.
33.
BijarniyaJPSarkarJMaitiP. Review on passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, recent researches, challenges and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2020; 133: 110263. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110263.
34.
AflakiAMahyuddinNAl-Cheikh MahmoudZBaharumMR. A review on natural ventilation applications through building façade components and ventilation openings in tropical climates. Energy Build2015; 101: 153–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.033.
35.
JomehzadehFHussenHMCalautitJKNejatPFerwatiMS. Natural ventilation by windcatcher (Badgir): A review on the impacts of geometry, microclimate and macroclimate. Energy Build2020; 226: 110396. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110396.
36.
EliasSMatsagarV. Research developments in vibration control of structures using passive tuned mass dampers. Annu Rev Control2017; 44: 129–156. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2017.09.015.
37.
ChakrabortySGhoshADRay-ChaudhuriS. A novel tuned mass-conical spring system for passive vibration control of a variable mass structure. J Vib Control2022; 28(13–14): 1565–1579. DOI: 10.1177/10775463211000497.
38.
HongW-TIbrahimKLooS-C. Urging green retrofits of building façades in the tropics: a review and research agenda. Int J Technol2019; 10(6): 1140. DOI: 10.14716/ijtech.v10i6.3627.
39.
EmdadiZAsimNAmbar YarmoMShamsudinRMohammadMSopianK. Green material prospects for passive evaporative cooling systems: geopolymers. Energies2016; 9(8): 586. DOI: 10.3390/en9080586.
40.
GhaffarianHoseiniAGhaffarianHoseiniABerardiUTookeyJLiDHWKariminiaS. Exploring the advantages and challenges of double-skin façades (DSFs). Renew Sustain Energy Rev2016; 60: 1052–1065. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.130.
41.
BaldinelliG. Double skin façades for warm climate regions: Analysis of a solution with an integrated movable shading system. Build Environ2009; 44(6): 1107–1118. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.08.005.
42.
InanTBasaranT. Experimental and numerical investigation of forced convection in a double skin façade by using nodal network approach for Istanbul. Sol Energy2019; 183: 441–452. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.030.
43.
ChenCSongM. Visualizing a field of research: A methodology of systematic scientometric reviews. PLoS One2019; 14(10): e0223994. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223994.
44.
ZhaoXZuoJWuGHuangC. A bibliometric review of green building research 2000 – 2016. Architectural Science Review2019; 62(1): 74–88. DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2018.1485548.
45.
MirandaNDRenaldiRKhoslaRMcCullochMD. Bibliometric analysis and landscape of actors in passive cooling research. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2021; 149: 111406. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111406.
46.
Det UdomsapAHallingerP. A bibliometric review of research on sustainable construction, 1994–2018. J Clean Prod2020; 254: 120073. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120073.
47.
ChenYWangYZhouD. Knowledge map of urban morphology and thermal comfort: a bibliometric analysis based on citespace. Build2021; 11(10): 427. DOI: 10.3390/buildings11100427.
48.
PingQHeJChenC. How many ways to use CiteSpace? A study of user interactive events over 14 months. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol2017; 68: 1234–1256. DOI: 10.1002/asi.23770.
49.
GlänzelW. Bibliometrics as a research field: A course on Theory and Application of Bibliometric Indicators. Course Handouts. Acesso em2004; 20(10): 1–115.
50.
ChenDLiuZLuoZWebberMChenJ. Bibliometric and visualized analysis of emergy research. Ecol Eng2016; 90: 285–293. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.026.
SmallH. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. J Am Soc Inf Sci1973; 24: 265–269. DOI: 10.1002/asi.4630240406.
55.
WhiteHDMcCainKW. Visualizing a discipline: an author co-citation analysis of information science, 1972-1995. J Am Soc Inf Sci1998; 49: 3272–3355. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(19980401)49:4<327::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO 4.
56.
CallonMCourtialJPLavilleF. Co-word analysis as a tool for describing the network of interactions between basic and technological research: The case of polymer chemsitry. Scientometrics2005; 22: 155–205. DOI: 10.1007/bf02019280.
57.
FangYYinJWuB. Climate change and tourism: a scientometric analysis using CiteSpace. J Sustain Tour2017; 26: 108–126. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1329310.
58.
NewmanMEJ. Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks. Phys Rev2004; 69: 5. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066133.
59.
GentleJEKaufmanLRousseuwPJ. Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis. Biometrics1991; 47(2): 788. DOI: 10.2307/2532178.
60.
PsomasTHeiselbergPLymeTDuerK. Automated roof window control system to address overheating on renovated houses: Summertime assessment and intercomparison. Energy Build2017; 138: 35–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.019.
61.
YangSCannavaleAPrasadDSproulAFioritoF. Numerical simulation study of BIPV/T double-skin facade for various climate zones in Australia: Effects on indoor thermal comfort. Build Simul2019; 12: 51–67. DOI: 10.1007/s12273-018-0489-x.
62.
LiuSKwokYTLauKKLChanPWNgE. Investigating the energy saving potential of applying shading panels on opaque façades: A case study for residential buildings in Hong Kong. Energy Build2019; 193: 78–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.044.
63.
ForuzanmehrAVellingaM. Vernacular architecture: questions of comfort and practicability. Build Res Inf2011; 39: 274–285. DOI: 10.1080/09613218.2011.562368.
64.
SinghMKKumarSOokaRRijalHBGuptaGKumarA. Status of thermal comfort in naturally ventilated classrooms during the summer season in the composite climate of India. Build Environ2018; 128: 287–304. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.031.
65.
WongPCPrasadDBehniaM. A new type of double-skin façade configuration for the hot and humid climate. Energy Build2008; 40: 1941–1945. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.04.014.
66.
TaşkınZAydinogluAU. Collaborative interdisciplinary astrobiology research: A bibliometric study of the nasa astrobiology institute. Scientometrics2015; 103: 1003–1022. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-015-1576-8.
67.
ManuSShuklaYRawalRThomasLEde DearR. Field studies of thermal comfort across multiple climate zones for the subcontinent: India Model for Adaptive Comfort (IMAC). Build Environ2016; 98: 55–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.019.
68.
IndragantiMOokaRRijalHBBragerGS. Adaptive model of thermal comfort for offices in hot and humid climates of India. Build Environ2014; 74: 39–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.002.
69.
DamiatiSAZakiSARijalHBWonorahardjoS. Field study on adaptive thermal comfort in office buildings in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Japan during hot and humid season. Build Environ2016; 109: 208–223. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.09.024.
70.
DhakaSMathurJBragerGHonnekeriA. Assessment of thermal environmental conditions and quantification of thermal adaptation in naturally ventilated buildings in composite climate of India. Build Environ2015; 86: 17–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.024.
71.
ASHRAE. ASHRAE handbook: fundamentals. Atlanta, Georgia: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc, 2013.
72.
HumphreysMARijalHBNicolJF. Updating the adaptive relation between climate and comfort indoors; new insights and an extended database. Build Environ2013; 63: 40–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.01.024.
73.
ArensEA.ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE. Standard 55-2017: thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. Atlanta, Georgia: ASHRAE Inc, 2017.
74.
KumarSSinghMKLoftnessVMathurJMathurS. Thermal comfort assessment and characteristics of occupant’s behaviour in naturally ventilated buildings in composite climate of India. Energy Sustain Dev2016; 33: 108–121. DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2016.06.002.
75.
KumarSMathurJMathurSSinghMKLoftnessV. An adaptive approach to define thermal comfort zones on psychrometric chart for naturally ventilated buildings in composite climate of India. Build Environ2016; 109: 135–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.09.023.
76.
ToeDHCKubotaT. Comparative assessment of vernacular passive cooling techniques for improving indoor thermal comfort of modern terraced houses in hot–humid climate of Malaysia. Sol Energy2015; 114: 229–258. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.01.035.
77.
SantamourisM. Cooling the buildings – past, present and future. Energy Build2016; 128: 617–638. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.034.
78.
RuppRFVásquezNGLambertsR. A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment. Energy Build2015; 105: 178–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.07.047.
79.
LuoMCaoBDamiensJLinBZhuY. Evaluating thermal comfort in mixed-mode buildings: A field study in a subtropical climate. Build Environ2015; 88: 46–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.019.
80.
SinghMKOokaRRijalHBTakasuM. Adaptive thermal comfort in the offices of North-East India in autumn season. Build Environ2017; 124: 14–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.037.
81.
ZhangYChenHWangJMengQ. Thermal comfort of people in the hot and humid area of China—impacts of season, climate, and thermal history. Indoor Air2016; 26: 820–830. DOI: 10.1111/ina.12256.
82.
MishraAKRamgopalM. Thermal comfort in undergraduate laboratories — A field study in Kharagpur, India. Build Environ2014; 71: 223–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.10.006.
83.
SantamourisMKolokotsaD. Passive cooling dissipation techniques for buildings and other structures: The state of the art. Energy Build2013; 57: 74–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.002.
84.
BreFSilvaASGhisiEFachinottiVD. Residential building design optimisation using sensitivity analysis and genetic algorithm. Energy Build2016; 133: 853–866. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.025.
85.
GoiaF.. Search for the optimal window-to-wall ratio in office buildings in different European climates and the implications on total energy saving potential. Sol Energy2016; 132: 467–492. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.03.031.
86.
KhambadkoneNKJainR. A bioclimatic analysis tool for investigation of the potential of passive cooling and heating strategies in a composite Indian climate. Build Environ2017; 123: 469–493. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.023.
87.
SenRBhattacharyaSPChattopadhyayS. Are low-income mass housing envelops energy efficient and comfortable? A multi-objective evaluation in warm-humid climate. Energy Build2021; 245: 111055. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111055.
88.
ParkinsonTde DearRBragerG. Nudging the adaptive thermal comfort model. Energy Build2020; 206: 109559. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109559.
89.
Földváry LičinaVCheungTZhangHde DearRParkinsonTArensEChunCSchiavonSLuoMBragerGLiPKaamSAdebamowoMAAndamonMMBabichFBoudenCBukovianskaHCandidoCCaoBCarlucciSCheongDKChoiJHCookMCropperPDeubleMHeidariSIndragantiMJinQKimHKimJKonisKSinghMKKwokALambertsRLovedayDLangevinJManuSMoosmannCNicolFOokaROselandNAPaglianoLPetrášDRawalRRomeroRRijalHBSekharCSchweikerMTartariniFTanabeSiThamKWTeliDToftumJToledoLTsuzukiKDe VecchiRWagnerAWangZWallbaumHWebbLYangLZhuYZhaiYZhangYZhouX. Development of the ASHRAE global thermal comfort database II. Build Environ2018; 142: 502–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.022.
90.
FeistW.Certified Passive House - Certification Criteria for Residential Passive House Buildings. Darmstadt, Germany:Passiv House Inst2013. Retrieved fromwww.passivehouse.com
91.
RuppRFKimJde DearRGhisiE. Associations of occupant demographics, thermal history and obesity variables with their thermal comfort in air-conditioned and mixed-mode ventilation office buildings. Build Environ2018; 135: 1–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.049.
92.
HoytTArensEZhangH. Extending air temperature setpoints: Simulated energy savings and design considerations for new and retrofit buildings. Build Environ2015; 88: 89–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.09.010.
93.
AngBWWangHMaX. Climatic influence on electricity consumption: The case of Singapore and Hong Kong. Energy2017; 127: 534–543. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.005.
94.
McLeodRSHopfeCJKwanA. An investigation into future performance and overheating risks in Passivhaus dwellings. Build Environ2013; 70: 189–209. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.024.
95.
KubotaTZakariaMAAbeSToeDHC. Thermal functions of internal courtyards in traditional Chinese shophouses in the hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Build Environ2017; 112: 115–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.005.
96.
PhilokyprouMMichaelAThravalouSIoannouI. Thermal performance assessment of vernacular residential semi-open spaces in Mediterranean climate. Indoor Built Environ2017; 27: 1050–1068. DOI: 10.1177/1420326X17699037.
97.
CantónMAGanemCBareaGLlanoJF. Courtyards as a passive strategy in semi dry areas. Assessment of summer energy and thermal conditions in a refurbished school building. Renew Energy2014; 69: 437–446. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.065.
98.
FangerPO. Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Technical Press, 1970; 45(1): 244.
99.
GivoniB. Comfort, climate analysis and building design guidelines. Energy Build1992; 18: 11–23. DOI: 10.1016/0378-7788(92)90047-K.
100.
GivoniB. Climate considerations in building and urban design. New York: John Wiley & Sons1998; 241–300.
101.
de DearRJ. Global database of thermal comfort field experiments. ASHRAE Transactions1998; 104(Pt 1B): 1141–1152.
102.
AuliciemsAAuliciemsA. Towards a psycho-physiological model of thermal perception. Int J Biometeorol1981; 25(2): 109–122. DOI: 10.1007/BF02184458.
103.
NicolF. Adaptive thermal comfort standards in the hot-humid tropics. Energy and Buildings2004; 36(7): 628–637. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.016.
104.
SantamourisM. Energy and climate in the urban built environment. London, UK: James and James Science Publishers, 2001.
105.
NicolJF. An analysis of some observations of thermal comfort in Roorkee, India and Baghdad, Iraq. Ann Hum Biol1974; 1: 411–426. DOI: 10.1080/03014467400000441.
106.
IndragantiM. Using the adaptive model of thermal comfort for obtaining indoor neutral temperature: Findings from a field study in Hyderabad, India. Build Environ2010; 45: 519–536. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.07.006.
107.
HumphreysMANicolJF. Understanding the adaptive approach to thermal comfort. ASHRAE Transactions1998; 104(Pt 1B): 991–1004.
108.
ISO. ISO 7730 Ergonomics of the thermal environment Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Management2005; 3: 605–615.
109.
ArensEXuTMiuraKHuiZFountainMBaumanF. A study of occupant cooling by personally controlled air movement. Energy Build1998; 27: 45–59. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(97)00025-x.
110.
LeeESDiBartolomeoDLSelkowitzSE. Thermal and daylighting performance of an automated venetian blind and lighting system in a full-scale private office. Energy Build1998; 29: 47–63. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(98)00035-8.
111.
SakkaASantamourisMLivadaINicolFWilsonM. On the thermal performance of low income housing during heat waves. Energy Build2012; 49: 69–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.01.023.
112.
KubotaTChyeeDTHAhmadS. The effects of night ventilation technique on indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Energy Build2009; 41: 829–839. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.03.008.
113.
GivoniBKhedariJWongNHFeriadiHNoguchiM. Thermal sensation responses in hot, humid climates: effects of humidity. Build Res Inf2006; 34(5): 496–506. DOI: 10.1080/09613210600861269.
114.
LaiACKMuiKWWongLTLawLY. An evaluation model for indoor environmental quality (IEQ) acceptance in residential buildings. Energy Build2009; 41: 930–936. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.03.016.
115.
CaoXDaiXLiuJ. Building energy-consumption status worldwide and the state-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during the past decade. Energy Build2016; 128: 198–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.089.
116.
CândidoCde DearRJLambertsRBittencourtL. Air movement acceptability limits and thermal comfort in Brazil’s hot humid climate zone. Build Environ2010; 45: 222–229. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.005.
117.
KatafygiotouMCSerghidesDK. Bioclimatic chart analysis in three climate zones in Cyprus. Indoor Built Environ2015; 24: 746–760. DOI: 10.1177/1420326X14526909.
118.
AhangariMMaerefatM. An innovative PCM system for thermal comfort improvement and energy demand reduction in building under different climate conditions. Sustain Cities Soc2019; 44: 120–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.008.
SinghMKMahapatraSAtreyaSK. Thermal performance study and evaluation of comfort temperatures in vernacular buildings of North-East India. Build Environ2010; 45: 320–329. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.009.
121.
La RochePBerardiU. Comfort and energy savings with active green roofs. Energy Build2014; 82: 492–504. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.055.
122.
KhabbazMBenhamouBLimamKHollmullerPHamdiHBennounaA. Experimental and numerical study of an earth-to-air heat exchanger for air cooling in a residential building in hot semi-arid climate. Energy Build2016; 125: 109–121. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.071.
123.
MedjelekhDUlmetLAbdouSDuboisF. A field study of thermal and hygric inertia and its effects on indoor thermal comfort: Characterization of travertine stone envelope. Build Environ2016; 106: 57–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.010.
124.
MaciasMMateoASchulerMMitreE.M. Application of night cooling concept to social housing design in dry hot climate. Energy Build2006; 38: 1104–1110. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.12.006.
125.
LipingWHienWN. The impacts of ventilation strategies and facade on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore. Build Environ2007; 42: 4006–4015. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.027.
126.
DabeTJAdaneVS. The impact of building profiles on the performance of daylight and indoor temperatures in low-rise residential building for the hot and dry climatic zones. Build Environ2018; 140: 173–183. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.038.
127.
BoutetMLHernándezALJacoboGJ. Thermo – lighting optimization proposal for school buildings in subtropical hot – humid climates: Monitoring and computer simulation on autumn period. Energy Build2016; 128: 785–797. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.028.
128.
AttiaSCarlucciS. Impact of different thermal comfort models on zero energy residential buildings in hot climate. Energy Build2015; 102: 117–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.05.017.
EaliwaMATakiAHHowarthATSedenMR. Investigation into thermal comfort in the summer season of Ghadames, Libya. Build Environ2001; 36: 231–237. DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1323(99)00071-2.
131.
PiselloALCotanaF. The thermal effect of an innovative cool roof on residential buildings in Italy: Results from two years of continuous monitoring. Energy Build2014; 69: 154–164. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.10.031.
132.
DabaiehMWanasOHegazyMAJohanssonE. Reducing cooling demands in a hot dry climate: A simulation study for non-insulated passive cool roof thermal performance in residential buildings. Energy Build2015; 89: 142–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.12.034.
133.
MarinoCNucaraAPietrafesaM. Does window-to-wall ratio have a significant effect on the energy consumption of buildings? A parametric analysis in Italian climate conditions. J Build Eng2017; 13: 169–183. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2017.08.001.
134.
TroupLPhillipsREckelmanMJFannonD. Effect of window-to-wall ratio on measured energy consumption in US office buildings. Energy Build2019; 203: 109434. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109434.
135.
AlwetaishiM. Impact of glazing to wall ratio in various climatic regions: A case study. J King Saud Univ - Eng Sci2019; 31: 6–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksues.2017.03.001.
136.
WangLWong NyukHLiS. Facade design optimization for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore. Energy Build2007; 39: 954–961. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.10.011.
137.
AyoosuMILimY-WLengPCIdowuOM. Daylighting Evaluation and Optimisation of Window to Wall Ratio for Lecture Theatre in the Tropical Climate. J Daylighting2021; 8(1): 20–35. DOI: 10.15627/jd.2021.2.
