The industrial release of submicron aerosol particles at workplace could cause undue health effect on workers. To effectively capture and remove airborne particles, we need to study the characteristics of various interactive particle motion forces (drag force, Brownian force, Saffman lift force, etc.) and the dispersion of these aerosol particles in indoor air. In this study, the dominant force of submicron particles was determined by calculating the acting forces with different particle sizes. Then, a Discrete Particle Model (DPM) was used to calculate the trajectory of particle movement in turbulent thermal plume flow. Horizontal dispersity (DH) was defined to evaluate the horizontal diffusion of the particulate matter. The impact of different particle diameters, heat source temperatures and initial relative velocities on DH was investigated. This study showed that the main acting forces for submicron aerosol particles were drag force, Brownian force, Saffman lift force and thermophoresis force. Brownian force cannot be ignored when the particle diameter was below 0.3 µm, which would promote the irregular movement of particles in space and enhance their diffusion ability. The smaller the particle size, the higher the heat source temperature and the lower the particles' initial velocity would lead to the increase of DH.
ZimmerATBiswasP.Characterization of the aerosols resulting from arc welding processes. J. Aerosol Sci2001; 32: 993–1008.
2.
ZimmerATBaronPABiswasP.The influence of operating parameters on number-weighted aerosol size distribution generated from a gas metal arc welding process. J Aerosol Sci2002; 33: 519–531.
3.
KalliomakiPLGrekulaAHagbergJSivonenS.Analytical electron microscopy of welding fumes. J Aerosol Sci1987; 18: 781–784.
4.
FarrantsGSchulerBKarlsenJReithALangardS.Characterization of the morphological properties of welding fume particles by transmission electron microscopy and digital image analysis. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1989; 50: 473–479.
5.
OberdorsterGUtellMJ.Ultrafine particles in the urban air: to the respiratory tract and beyond. Environ Health Perspect2002; 110: 440–441.
6.
LeeDLeeJ.Dispersion of aerosol bolus during one respiratory cycle in a model lung airway. J. Aerosol Sci2002; 33: 219.
7.
KreylingWGSemmlerMMollerW.Dosimetry and toxicology of ultrafine particles. J Aerosol Med2004; 17: 140–152.
8.
ArnoldC.Disease burdens associated with PM2.5 exposure: how a new model provided global estimates. Environ Health Perspect2014; 122: A111.
9.
BrookRDRajagopalanSPopeCIIBrookJRBhatnagarADiez-RouxAVHolguinFHongYLuepkerRVMittlemanMA.Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation2010; 121: 2331–2378.
10.
NicolaiTCarrDWeilandSKDuhmeHEhrensteinOVWagnerCMutiusEV.Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children. Eur Respir J2003; 21: 956–963.
11.
MarksGBMorawskaL.Health effects of daily airborne particle dose in children: direct association between personal dose and respiratory health effects. Environ Pollut2013; 180: 246–250.
12.
PetersAKlotSVHeierMTrentinagliaIHörmannAErichWHLöwelH.Exposure to traffic and the onset of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med2004; 351: 1721–1730.
13.
LimSSVosTFlaxmanADDanaeiGShibuyaKAdair-RohaniHAlMazroaMAAmannMAndersonHRAndrewsKG.A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet2012; 380: 2224–2260.
14.
ZhangZChenQ.Experimental measurements and numerical simulations of particle transport and distribution in ventilated rooms. Atmos Environ2006; 40: 3396–3408.
15.
ZhaoBZhangZLiXHuangD.Comparison of diffusion characteristics of aerosol particles in different ventilated rooms by numerical method. ASHRAE Transact2004; 110: 88–95.
16.
HolmbergSChenQ.Air flow and particle control with different ventilation systems in a classroom. Indoor Air2003; 13: 200–204.
17.
MurakamiSKatoSNaganoSTanakaY.Diffusion characteristics of airborne particles with gravitational settling in a convection-dominant door flow field. ASHRAE Transactions1992; 98: 82–97.
18.
ShirolkarJSCoimbraCFMMcQuayQ.M. Fundamental aspects of modeling turbulent particle dispersion in dilute flows. Prog Energy Combust Sci1996; 22: 363–399.
19.
LongestPWKleinstreuerCBuchananJR.Efficient computation of micro-particle dynamics including wall effects. Comput Fluids2004; 33: 577–601.
20.
SalmanzadehMZahediGAhmadiGMarrDRGlauserM.Computational modeling of effects of thermal plume adjacent to the body on the indoor airflow and particle transport. J Aerosol Sci2012; 53: 29–39.
21.
LoomansMLemaireT. Particle concentration caluculations using cfd-a comparison. In: Indoor Air 2002. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on indoor air quality and climate, Monterey, California, 30 June–5 July 2002, pp.153–156.
22.
RiddleACarruthersDSharpeAMcHughCStockerJ.Comparisons between FLUENT and ADMS for atmospheric dispersion modeling. Atmos Environ2004; 38: 1029–1038.
23.
GaroosiFSafaeiMRDahariMHoomanK.Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis of solid particle distribution in an internally heated and cooled air-filled cavity. Appl Math Comput2015; 250: 28–46.
24.
DeenNGVan Sint AnnalandMVan der HoefMAKuipersJAM.Review of discrete particle modeling of fluidized beds. Chem Eng Sci2007; 62: 28–44.
25.
VegendlaSNPHeynderickxGJMarinGB.Comparison of Eulerian-Lagrangian and Eulerian-Eulerian method for dilute gas-solid flow with side inlet. Comput Chem Eng2011; 35: 1192–1199.
26.
SaidiMSRismanianMMonjeziMZendehbadMFatehiboroujeniS.Comparison between Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches in predicting motion of micron-sized particles in laminar flows. Atmos Environ2014; 89: 199–206.
27.
LiJBDuWJChengL.Numerical simulation and experiment of gas-solid two phase flow and ash deposition on a novel heat transfer surface. Appl Therm Eng2017; 113: 1033–1046.
28.
LuWHowarthATAdamNRifatSB.Modelling and measurement of airflow and aerosol particle distribution in a ventilated two-zone chamber. Build Environ1996; 31: 417–423.
29.
ZhangZChenQ. Numerical analysis of particle behaviors in indoor air using Lagrangian method. In: Proceedings of the ASHRAE Annual Meeting2004, Nashville, June 2004, pp.98–101.
30.
ZhaoBZhangYLiXYangXHuangD.Comparison of indoor aerosol particle concentration and deposition in different ventilated rooms by numerical method. Build Environ2004; 39: 1–8.
31.
HuntGRvan den BremerTS.Classical plume theory: 1937–2010 and beyond. IMA J Appl Math2010; 76: 424–448.
32.
DixitHNBabuV.Simulation of high rayleigh number natural convection in a square cavity using the lattice Boltzmann method. Int J Heat Mass Transf2006; 49: 727–739.
33.
TriasFXSoriaMOlivaAPerez-SegarraCD.Direct numerical simulations of two- and three-dimensional turbulent natural convection flows in a differentially heated cavity of aspect ratio 4. J Fluid Mech2007; 586: 259–293.
34.
TriasFXGorobetsASoriaMOlivaA.Direct numerical simulation of a differentially heated cavity of aspect ratio 4 with Rayleigh numbers up to 1011 – Part I: Numerical methods and time-averaged flow. Int J Heat Mass Tranf2010; 53: 665–673.
35.
PuragliesiR. Numerical investigation of particle-laden thermally driven turbulent flows in enclosure. PhD Thesis, No. 4600, Ecole Poly-’technique Fed'erale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2010.
HuangYQWangYLiuLNielsenPVJensenRLYanF.Reduced-scale experimental investigation on ventilation performance of a local exhaust hood in an industrial plant. Build Environ2015; 85: 94–103.
38.
MadsenUBreumNONielsenPV.Local exhaust ventilation: a numerical and experimental study of capture efficiency. Build Environ1994; 29: 319–323.
39.
WangHQHuangCHLiuDZhaoFYSunHBWangFFLiCKouGXYeMQ.Fume transports in a high rise industrial welding hall with displacement ventilation system and individual ventilation units. Build Environ2012; 52: 119–128.
40.
ShibataNTanakaMOjimaJIwasakiT.Numerical simulation to determine the most appropriate welding and ventilation conditions in small enclosed workspace. Ind Health2000; 38: 356–365.
41.
Ding YKuhlbusch TaVan Tongeren MJimenez AsTuinman IChen RAlvarez IlMikolajczyk UNickel CMeyerJKaminskiHWohllebenWStahlmeckeBClavagueraSRiedikerM.Airborne engineered nanomaterials in the workplace-a review of release and worker exposure during nanomaterial production and handling processes. J Hazard Mater2016; 322: 17–28.
42.
FuchsNADaileyREDaviesCN.The mechanics of aerosols. Phys Today1965; 18: 73.
43.
CroweCTSommerfeldMTsujiY.Multiphase flows with droplets and particles. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011.
44.
LiAAhmadiG.Dispersion and deposition of spherical particles from point sources in a turbulent channel flow. Aerosol Sci Technol1992; 16: 209–226.
45.
XuHFuSCLeungWTLaiTWChaoCYH.Enhancement of submicron particle deposition on a semi-circular surface in turbulent flow. Indoor Built Environ2020; 29: 101–116.
46.
DuanMWangYGaoDYangYCaoZ.Modeling dispersion mode of high-temperature particles transiently produced from industrial processes. Build Environ2017; 126: 457–470.
LongestPWXiJ.Effectiveness of direct Lagrangian tracking models for simulating nanoparticle deposition in the upper airways. Aerosol Sci Technol2007; 41: 380–397.
50.
ChenCZhaoB.A modified Brownian force for ultrafine particle penetration through building crack modeling. Atmos Environ2017; 170: 143–148.
51.
LiuCWMeiSJLiuDZhaoFY.Convective dispersion of heat and airborne pollutants inside street canyons under the influence of urban ground heat flows. Indoor Built Environ2019; 28: 619–635. doi:10.1177/1420326x17706186
52.
SchlichtingHBoundary-LayerGK.Theory. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
53.
LuHLuL.Investigation of particle deposition efficiency enhancement in turbulent duct air flow by surface ribs with hybrid-size ribs. Indoor Built Environ2016; 26: 608–620.
54.
GosmanADIoannidesE.Aspects of computer simulation of liquid-fuelled combustors. J Energy1983; 7: 482–490.
55.
HindsWAT:P.Behavior and measurement of airborne particles. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1999.
56.
SaffmanPG.The lift on a small sphere in a slow shear flow. J Fluid Mech1965; 22: 385.
