This study predicted the total and regional deposition of particles in realistic upper human airways and demonstrated the effects of intersubject variations in deposition fraction. Two airway models were studied under flow rates ranging from 0.45 to 2.4 m3/h and particle aerodynamic diameters from 1 to 10 μm. The total deposition predictions were validated using in vivo and in vitro experimental data. The intricate airway structures generated heterogeneities of airflow distributions and corresponding particle dispersions and depositions in the models. Nevertheless, with modified inertial parameters, the total deposition fraction curves of the two human upper airway models, as functions of flow rates, converged to a single function. However, regional particle deposition fractions differed significantly among the two models. The surface pressure and wall-shear stress distribution were investigated to assess the relationship of surface pressure and wall-shear stress with hotspot locations in upper airways of both models. For one subject (model A), the central nasal passage regions were found to be sites of higher deposition over the range of particle sizes and flow rates targeted in this study. For the other subject (model B), higher deposition was mostly observed in the vestibule region, caused due to particle inertia as the airway consisted of curvatures. The accelerated flow regions acted as a natural filter to high inertial particles. The results indicated that both total and regional depositions exhibited significant intersubject differences.
SchlesingerRBKunzliNHidyGMGotschiTJerrettM.The health relevance of ambient particulate matter characteristics: coherence of toxicological and epidemiological inferences. Inhal Toxicol2006;
18: 95–125.
4.
ChengKHChengYSYehHCGuilmetteRASimpsonSQYangYHSwiftDL.In vivo measurements of nasal airway dimensions and ultrafine aerosol deposition in the human nasal and oral airways. J Aerosol Sci1996;
27: 785–801.
5.
NaftaliSRosenfeldMWolfMEladD.The air-conditioning capacity of the human nose. Ann Biomed Eng2005;
33: 545–553.
6.
KeckTLeiackerRHeinrichAKühnemannSRettingerG.Humidity and temperature profile in the nasal cavity. Rhinology2000;
38: 167–171.
7.
HsuDJChuangMH.In-vivo measurements of micrometer-sized particle deposition in the nasal cavities of Taiwanese adults. Aerosol Sci Technol2012;
46: 631–638.
8.
KesavanathanJSwiftDL.Human nasal passage particle deposition: the effect of particle size, flow rate, and anatomical factors. Aerosol Sci Technol1998;
28: 457–463.
9.
ChengYS.Aerosol deposition in the extrathoracic region. Aerosol Sci Technol2003;
37: 659–671.
10.
KellyJTAsgharianBKimbellJSWongBA.Particle deposition in human nasal airway replicas manufactured by different methods. Part I : inertial regime particles. Aerosol Sci Technol2004;
38: 1063–1071.
11.
GarciaGJMTewksburyEWWongBAKimbellJS.Interindividual variability in nasal filtration as a function of nasal cavity geometry. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv2009;
22: 139–155.
12.
HofmannWAsgharianBWinkler-HeilR.Modeling intersubject variability of particle deposition in human lungs. J Aerosol Sci2002;
33: 219–235.
13.
BennettWDZemanKL.Effect of race on fine particle deposition for oral and nasal breathing. Inhal Toxicol2005;
17: 641–648.
14.
SchroeterJDGarciaGJMKimbellJS.Effects of surface smoothness on inertial particle deposition in human nasal models. J Aerosol Sci2011;
42: 52–63.
15.
DelvadiaRRWeiXLongestPWVenitzJByronPR.In vitro tests for aerosol deposition. IV: simulating variations in human breath profiles for realistic DPI testing. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv2016;
29: 196–206.
16.
BecqueminMHSwiftDLBouchikhiARoyMTeillacA.Particle deposition and resistance in the noses of adults and children. Eur Respir J1991;
4: 694–702.
17.
LehmannG.The dust filtering efficiency of the human nose and its significance in the causation of silicosis. J Ind Hyg1935;
17: 37–40.
18.
LongestPWXiJ.Computational investigation of particle inertia effects on submicron aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract. J Aerosol Sci2007;
38: 111–130.
19.
InthavongKWenJTianZTuJ.Numerical study of fibre deposition in a human nasal cavity. J Aerosol Sci2008;
39: 253–265.
20.
SchroeterJDKimbellJSGrossEAWillsonGADormanDCTanY-MClewellHJ.Application of physiological computational fluid dynamics models to predict interspecies nasal dosimetry of inhaled acrolein. Inhal Toxicol2008;
20: 227–243.
21.
ZhangZKleinstreuerCDonohueJFKimCS.Comparison of micro- and nano-size particle depositions in a human upper airway model. J Aerosol Sci2005;
36: 211–233.
22.
LiZKleinstreuerCZhangZ.Simulation of airflow fields and microparticle deposition in realistic human lung airway models. Part I: airflow patterns. Eur J Mech – B/Fluids2007;
26: 632–649.
23.
Goodarzi-ArdakaniVTaeibi-RahniMSalimiMRAhmadiG.Computational simulation of temperature and velocity distribution in human upper respiratory airway during inhalation of hot air. Respir Physiol Neurobiol2016;
223: 49–58.
24.
ItoK.Toward the development of an in silico human model for indoor environmental design. Proc Jpn Acad, Ser B, Phys Biol Sci2016;
92: 185–203.
25.
Phuong N, Khoa N, Inthavong K and Ito K. Particle and inhalation exposure in human and monkey computational airway models. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 30: 11–12.
26.
CalmetHKleinstreuerCHouzeauxGKolanjiyilAVLehmkuhlOOlivaresEVázquezM.Subject-variability effects on micron particle deposition in human nasal cavities. J Aerosol Sci2018;
115: 12–28.
27.
WangZHopkePKAhmadiGChengYSBaronPA.Fibrous particle deposition in human nasal passage: the influence of particle length, flow rate, and geometry of nasal airway. J Aerosol Sci2008;
39: 1040–1054.
28.
GarciaGJMSchroeterJDSegalRAStanekJFouremanGLKimbellJS.Dosimetry of nasal uptake of water-soluble and reactive gases: a first study of interhuman variability. Inhal Toxicol2009;
21: 607–618.
29.
PhuongNLYamashitaMYooSJItoK.Prediction of convective heat transfer coefficient of human upper and lower airway surfaces in steady and unsteady breathing conditions. Build Environ2016;
100: 172–185.
30.
ItoKMitsumuneKKugaKPhuongNLTaniKInthavongK.Prediction of convective heat transfer coefficients for the upper respiratory tracts of rat, dog, monkey, and humans. Indoor Built Environ2017;
26: 828–840.
31.
DoorlyDJTaylorDJSchroterRC.Mechanics of airflow in the human nasal airways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol2008;
163: 100–110. Nov
32.
AbeKKondohTNaganoY.A new turbulence model for predicting fluid flow and heat transfer in separating and reattaching Flow field calculations. Int J Heat Mass Transf1994;
37: 139–151.
33.
PhuongNLItoK.Investigation of flow pattern in upper human airway including oral and nasal inhalation by PIV and CFD. Build Environ2015;
94: 504–515.
34.
YooSJItoK.Assessment of transient inhalation exposure using in silico human model integrated with PBPK-CFD hybrid analysis. Sustain Cities Soc2018;
40: 317–325.
35.
KugaKItoKYooS-JChenWWangPLiaoJFowlesJShustermanDKumagaiK.First- and second-hand smoke dispersion analysis from e-cigarettes using a computer-simulated person with a respiratory tract model. Indoor Built Environ2018;
27: 898–916.
36.
PhuongNLItoK.Experimental and numerical study of airflow pattern and particle dispersion in a vertical ventilation duct. Build Environ2013;
59: 466–481.
37.
HahnISchererPWMozellMM.Velocity profiles measured for airflow through a large-scale model of the human nasal cavity. J Appl Physiol1993;
75: 2273–2287.
38.
WenJInthavongKTuJWangS.Numerical simulations for detailed airflow dynamics in a human nasal cavity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol2008;
161: 125–135.
39.
TuJInthavongKAhmadiG.Computational fluid and particle dynamics in the human respiratory system.
Dordrecht:
Springer Netherlands, 2013.
40.
TaylorPLiAAhmadiG.Dispersion and deposition of spherical particles from point sources in a turbulent channel flow dispersion and deposition of spherical particles from point sources in a turbulent channel flow. Aerosol Sci Technol1992;
16: 209–226.
41.
LiuYJohnsonMRMatidaEAKheraniSMarsanJ.Creation of a standardized geometry of the human nasal cavity. J Appl Physiol2009;
106: 784–795.
42.
HeyderJRudolfG.Deposition of aerosol particles in the human nose. Inhaled Part1977;
4 Pt 1: 107–126.
43.
GambarutoAMDoorlyDJYamaguchiT.Wall shear stress and near-wall convective transport: comparisons with vascular remodelling in a peripheral graft anastomosis. J Comput Phys2010;
229: 5339–5356.
44.
EladDLiebenthalRWenigBLEinavS.Analysis of airflow patterns in the human nose. Med Biol Eng Comput1993;
31: 585–592.
45.
InthavongKShangYTuJ.Surface mapping for visualization of wall stresses during inhalation in a human nasal cavity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol2014;
190: 54–61.
46.
EladDNaftaliSRosenfeldMWolfM.Physical stresses at the air-wall interface of the human nasal cavity during breathing. J Appl Physiol2006;
100: 1003–1010.
47.
YokleyTR.Ecogeographic variation in human nasal passages. Am J Phys Anthropol2009;
138: 11–22.
48.
NobackMLHarvatiKSpoorF.Climate-related variation of the human nasal cavity. Am J Phys Anthropol2011;
145: 599–614.
49.
ZaidiAAMatternBCClaesPMcEcoyBHughesCShriverMD.Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. PLoS Genet2017;
13: 1–31.
