Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2017-2
New concepts for the ventilation of shopping centers: Reducing air change rate,applying active chilled beams and elevating cold water supply temperature
New concepts of removing the cooling loads in shopping centres are presented in a multi-disciplinary study. In air-quality experiments, we found that the air change rate (ACR) in shops can be reduced significantly, while still maintaining acceptable air quality. Dilution curves of typical odour-intensive retail goods were measured, which show that ACRs can be reduced down to 1.75 h−1 without impacting odour perception significantly. Then, the standard ventilation systems were replaced by air–water systems, namely active chilled beams, which allow for a combined supply of fresh air and heat removal via the water circuit. To realize low ACRs in the shops, experimental studies for developing high-induction active chilled beam systems are presented. Finally, CFD simulations were conducted in a generic shop. Aspects like room air flow, odour propagation and thermal comfort were investigated. The cold water supply was assumed to be generated in a renewable way, leading to high cold water supply temperatures. Feasible ventilation configurations with ACRs as low as 1.1 h−1 have been identified without deteriorating either air quality or thermal comfort. Primary energy consumption was assessed according to German standards and was reduced by up to 67% with the presented approach.
Cushman & Wakefield LLP. European shopping centre development report. London, April 2015.
2.
Cushman & Wakefield, Inc. Global shopping center development report. New York, May 2014.
3.
Krumihs A, Dzelzitis A and Lesinskis A. Case study of the shopping centre HVAC systems electrical loads. In: Proceedings of Clima 2007 wellbeing indoors, Helsinki, Finland, June 10–14 2007, Helsinki: FINVAC, paper no. C05N1200.
4.
Rebollo E, Platero CA, Blánquez FR, Blázquez F and Gaona JA. Energy, materials and person-hour savings through a new decentralized power supply for HVAC in large buildings. a case study: a shopping center in Spain. In: The 6th international conference on sustainable energy information technology, procedia computer science, Madrid, Spain, May 23–26 2016; 83: 886–93. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
5.
Pöschk J (ed). Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden. Berlin: Verl. u. Medienservice Energie vme, 2012.
6.
VDI 2082:2010. Air-conditioning – sales outlets (VDI ventilation code of practice). The Association of German Engineers, Düsseldorf, 2010.
7.
Mathis P, Panašková J, Schmidt M and Müller D. Numerical study of heat removing systems in shopping centers with high cooling load. In: Roomvent 2014: 13th SCANVAC international conference on air distribution in rooms, Sao Paulo, Brazil, October 19–22 2014; pp.487–495. Sao Paulo: IPT.
8.
DIN EN 13779:2009. Ventilation for non-residential buildings – performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems. The Association of German Engineers, Düsseldorf, 2009.
9.
DIN EN 15251:2012. Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. The Association of German Engineers, Düsseldorf, 2012.
10.
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013. Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 62.1, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Condition Engineers, Atlanta, 2013.
11.
Hegemann D, Wesseling M and Müller D. Transeferability of results of olfactory measurements under laboratory conditions in a field test. In: Indoor Air 2016: 14th international conference of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), Ghent Belgium, July 3–8 2016, paper no. 140.
12.
Müller D, Hegemann D, Braunstein V and Panašková J. Measurements of the perceived air quality in shopping centers. In: Healthy buildings Europe 2015 (ISIAQ), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, May 18–20 2015, paper no. 584.
13.
Panašková J. Olfactory assessment of emissions from building products. PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 2013.
14.
MüllerBPanaškováJMüllerDHornWJannO. Entwicklung der Bewertungsmethodik von Gerüchen in Innenräumen. GI - Gebäudetechnik, Innenraumklima2014; 135: 70–82.
15.
DIN ISO 16000-28:2012. Determination of odor emissions from building products using test chambers. The Association of German Engineers, Düsseldorf, 2012.
16.
BrandtSMüllerBMüllerDHornWPanaškováJPlehnW. Measurement and evaluation of odor emissions from building products for indoor usage. UMID: Umwelt und Mensch-Informationsdienst2011; 4): 50–58.
17.
Panašková J, Streblow R, Müller B and Müller D. Effects of olfactory-relevant emissions from building materials on building-energy demand. In: Indoor Air 2011, proceedings of the 12th international conference of indoor air quality and climate 2011 (ISIAQ), Austin, TX, USA, June 5–10 2011; pp.411–416.
18.
WeberEH. E. H. Weber on the tactile senses, 2nd ed. Hove: Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis, 1996.
19.
KnudsenHNValbjornONielsenPA. Determination of exposure-response relationships for emissions from building products. Indoor Air1998; 8: 264–275.
20.
Freitag H and Müller D. Modeling the internal airflow in active chilled beams. In: Ventilation 2012: 10th international conference on industrial ventilation, Paris, France, September 17–19 2012. Paris: INRS.
21.
Koskela H, Saarinen P, Freitag H, Schmidt M, Müller D and Mustakallio P. LES simulation of the active chilled beam flow pattern. In: Roomvent 2014: 13th SCANVAC international conference on air distribution in rooms, Sao Paulo, Brazil, October 19–22 2014; pp.582–589. Sao Paulo: IPT.
22.
Freitag H, Schmidt M, Müller D, Koskela H and Saarinen P. Particle image velocimetry measurements of the internal air flow in active chilled beams. In: Roomvent 2014: 13th SCANVAC international conference on air distribution in rooms, Sao Paulo, Brazil, October 19–22 2014; pp.566–573. Sao Paulo: IPT.
23.
Raffel M (ed). Particle image velocimetry. Berlin: Springer, 2007.
24.
RicouFPSpaldingDB. Measurements of entrainment by axisymmetrical turbulent jets. Journal of Fluid Mechanics1961; 11: 21–32.
25.
DIN V 18599:2011. Energy efficiency of buildings – calculation of the net, final and primary energy demand for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting, The Association of German Engineers, Düsseldorf, 2011.
26.
ANSYS® Academic Research, Release 16.0, Help System, ANSYS, Inc., 2015.
Streblow R. Thermal sensation and comfort model for inhomogeneous indoor environments. PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 2011.
29.
MundtEMathisenHMNielsenPVMoserAPrediction of air quality with computational fluid dynamics. In: MundtE (ed). Guidebook: ventilation effectiveness, Brussels, Belgium: Rehva, Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations, 2004, pp. 41–44.
30.
EN ISO 7730:2006. Ergonomics of the thermal environment – analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2006.
