Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) to conserve energy while maintaining an acceptable indoor environment has been used for over 30 years. However, little work has been done on evaluating its energy saving potential in cooling dominant office buildings in subtropical climate. In this study, the energy saving potential of DCV system for use in six representative office buildings in Hong Kong was investigated by simulations. Simulation validation was done based on in situ measurements and site surveys. The findings show that, based on their original design conditions, the use of DCV could lead to 12.5–26.1% energy saving. To facilitate quick estimation of the energy saving potential of DCV system, further simulations were performed for the development of a simplified model. The simplified model relates the energy saving potential to key air-conditioning system and design parameters. Based on the simplified model, sensitivity analysis was conducted to quantify the influences of different parameters on the energy saving potential of DCV system. The developed model method can be used for prediction on the energy saving potential in a wider application of DCV in Hong Kong.
LiddamentMWOrmeM. Energy and ventilation. Appl Therm Eng1998; 18: 1101–1109.
2.
YikFWHLeeWLBurnettJJonesP. Chiller plant sizing by cooling load simulation as a means to avoid oversized plant. HKIE Trans1999; 6: 19–25.
3.
KusudaT. Control of ventilation to conserve energy while maintaining acceptable indoor air quality, Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, 1976.
4.
WangSWBurnettJChongHS. Experimental validation of CO2-based occupancy detection for demand-controlled ventilation. Indoor Built Environ1999; 8: 377–391.
5.
ChaoCYHHuJS. Development of an enthalpy and carbon dioxide based demand control ventilation for indoor air quality and energy saving with neural network control. Indoor Built Environ2004; 13: 463–475.
6.
XuXHWangSW. An adaptive demand-controlled ventilation strategy with zone temperature reset for multi-zone air-conditioning systems. Indoor Built Environ2007; 16: 426–437.
7.
WangSWSunZWSunYJZhuN. Online optimal ventilation control of building air-conditioning systems. Indoor Built Environ2011; 20: 129–136.
8.
ChaoCYHHuJS. Development of a dual-mode demand control ventilation strategy for indoor air quality control and energy saving. Build Environ2004; 39: 385–397.
9.
AfshariABergsøeNC. Humidity as a control parameter for ventilation. Indoor Built Environ2003; 12: 215–216.
10.
KICT. A guide for ventilation system installation to reduce sick building syndrome in apartment houses and multi-purposed facilities, Goyang, Korea: Korea Institute of Construction Technology, 2006.
11.
CEC. California's energy efficiency standards for residential and nonresidential buildings, Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission, 2001.
12.
KnoespelPDMitchellJWBeckmanWA. Macroscopic model of indoor air quality and automatic control of ventilation airflow. ASHRAE Trans1991; 97: 1020–1030.
13.
SchellMInthoutD. Demand control ventilation using CO2. ASHRAE J2001; 43: 18–29.
14.
MecklerM. Demand-controlled ventilation strategies for acceptable IAQ. Heat Piping Air Cond1994; May: 71–74.
15.
NgMOQuMZhengPXLiZYHangY. CO2-based demand controlled ventilation under new ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010: a case study for a gymnasium of an elementary school at West Lafayette, Indiana. Energy Build2011; 43: 3216–3225.
16.
FiskWJDe AlmeidaAT. Sensor-based demand-controlled ventilation: a review. Energy Build1998; 29: 35–45.
17.
EmmerichSJPersilyAK. State-of-the-art review of CO2 demand controlled ventilation technology and application, Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001.
18.
ZhangLLeeWL. Evaluating the use heat pipe for dedicated ventilation of office buildings in Hong Kong. Energy Convers Manage2011; 52: 1983–1989.
19.
RVD. Hong Kong property review 2014, Hong Kong: Rating and Valuation Department, 2014.
20.
ANSI/ASHRAE 114-1987. Energy management and control systems instrumentation, Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1987.
21.
AlexanderDK. HTB2-A model for the thermal environment of building in operation, Cardiff, UK: Welsh School of Architecture Research and Development, 1994.
22.
YikFWH. BECON-A building energy consumption estimation program, Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 1996.
23.
BEAM Society. BEAM Plus for new buildings and existing buildings, Hong Kong: Hong Kong Green Building Council, 2012.
24.
ANSI/ASHRAE 140-2012. Standard method of test for the evaluation of building energy analysis computer programs, Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2012.
25.
YorkDACappielloCC. DOE-2 engineers manual, Berkeley, California: Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, 1981. .
26.
LeeWLBurnettJ. Benchmarking energy use assessment of HK-BEAM, BREEAM and LEED. Build Environ2008; 43: 1882–1891.
27.
IAQMG. A guide on indoor air quality certification scheme for offices and public places, Hong Kong: Indoor Air Quality Management Group, 2003.
28.
LeeSHLeeWL. Site verification and modeling of desiccant-based system as an alternative to conventional air-conditioning systems for wet markets. Energy2013; 55: 1076–1083.
29.
LomasKJEppelHMartinCJBloomfieldDP. Empirical validation of building energy simulation programs. Energy Build1997; 26: 253–275.
30.
YuFWChanKT. Environmental performance and economic analysis of all-variable speed chiller systems with load-based speed control. Appl Therm Eng2009; 29: 1721–1729.
31.
LeeWLYikFWHBurnettJ. Simplifying energy performance assessment in the Hong Kong building environmental assessment method. Build Serv Eng Res Technol2001; 22: 113–132.
32.
ANSI/ASHRAE 90.1-2004. Energy standard for buildings except low rise residential buildings, Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2004.
33.
AframAJanabi-SharifiF. Review of modeling methods for HVAC systems. Appl Therm Eng2014; 67: 507–519.
34.
EMSD. Performance-based building energy code, Hong Kong: Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, 2012.
35.
BurnettJ. Indoor air quality certification scheme for Hong Kong buildings. Indoor Built Environ2005; 14: 201–208.
