This paper reports the investigation of the relationship between CO2 concentration and passenger quantity in the waiting room of a railway station. In situ survey was conducted to collect data on purchased passenger tickets, train schedule and arrival times at Changsha railway station and to establish modelling results. The predictive model is based on the established passenger flow pattern and dynamic governing equations of CO2 concentration as a reference indicator of indoor air quality (IAQ) in the waiting room at the railway station. This work indicates that the CO2 source is associated with train passengers, and the air change rates of natural and mechanical ventilation are predominant factors that govern the indoor CO2 concentration in the waiting room. In addition, the air change rate of natural ventilation ranging from 0.3 h−1 to 0.8 h−1 would not meet the IAQ requirement in most conditions, whereas the air change rate of mechanical ventilation of n = 2 h−1 can meet the IAQ requirement in various situations.
YangXYWengJ. Investigation on CO2 concentration in urban underground space. Chin J Underground Space Eng2006; 2: 199–208.
2.
ChengYHChangHPHsiehCJ. Short-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5, ultrafine particles and CO2 for passengers at an intercity bus terminal. Atmos Environ2011; 45: 2034–2042.
3.
LiQYoshinoHMochidaALeiBMengQZhaoHLunY. CFD study of the thermal environment in an air-conditioned train station building. Build Environ2009; 44: 1452–1465.
4.
Cho Y, Kwon SB and Park DS. Analysis of indoor air quality in high-speed train passenger cabin in Korea. In: IAQVEC 2007 proceedings – 6th international conference on indoor air quality, ventilation and energy conservation in buildings: sustainable built environment 2007, Sendai, Japan, October 28–31 2007; pp.215–222.
5.
LiM. Diffusion-controlled emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs): short-, mid-, and long-term emission profiles. Int J Heat Mass Transfer2013; 62: 295–302.
6.
Gang C and Ma WJ. Monitoring and analyze of indoor air quality at several important public spaces in Huainan. In: iCBBE2011, the5th international conference on bioinformatics and biomedical engineering, Wuhan, China, May 10–12 2011; pp.1–4.
7.
LiMWuCZhaoSYangY. State-space model for airborne particles in multizone indoor environments. Atmos Environ2008; 42(21): 5340–5349.
8.
LiMWuCSunLLaiACK. A dynamic simulation of indoor polydispersion of particles in all-air air-conditioned environment with dynamical particle sources. Indoor Built Environ2012; 21(2): 282–291.
9.
BornehagCGSundellJHagerhed-EngmanLSigsgaardT. Association between ventilation rates in 390 Swedish homes and allergic symptoms in children. Indoor Air2005; 15: 275–280.
10.
CornaroCParaviciniACiminiA. Monitoring indoor carbon dioxide concentration and effectiveness of natural trickle ventilation in a middle school in Rome. Indoor Built Environ2013; 22: 445–455.
11.
KolokotroniMGeYTKatsoulasD. Monitoring and modeling indoor air quality and ventilation in classrooms within a purpose-designed naturally ventilated school. Indoor Built Environ2002; 11: 316–326.
12.
YuCWFKimJT. Building pathology, investigation of sick buildings – VOC emissions. Indoor Built Environ2010; 19(1): 30–39.
13.
YuCWFCrumpDR. Small chamber tests for measurement of VOC emissions from flooring adhesives. Indoor Built Environ2003; 12(5): 299–310.
14.
ShoheiYKazunariKToshiyukiHNobuyukiHMasahiroFTakashiA. Emission sources and their contribution to indoor air pollution by carbonyl compounds in a school and a residential building in Shizuoka, Japan. Indoor Built Environ2012; 21(3): 392–402.
15.
DengQYangXZhangJS. Key factor analysis of VOC sorption and its impact on indoor concentrations: the role of ventilation. Build Environ2012; 47: 182–187.
16.
JiaCBattermanSGodwinCCharlesSChinJY. Sources and migration of volatile organic compounds in mixed-use buildings. Indoor Air2010; 20(5): 357–369.
17.
TareqHBjarkeMKaarleH. User influence on indoor aerosol model calibration. Aerosol Air Qual Res2011; 11(3): 310–315.
ItoKHarashimaH. Coupled CFD analysis of size distributions on indoor secondary organic aerosol derived from ozone/limonene reactions. Build Environ2011; 46(3): 711–718.
20.
LinTZhangLWangQLiuJ. Numerical investigation of indoor aerosol particle dispersion under stratum ventilation and under displacement ventilation. Indoor Built Environ2009; 18(4): 360–375.
21.
ChowWKFungWYWongLT. Preliminary studies on a new method for assessing ventilation in large spaces. Build Environ2002; 37(2): 145–152.
22.
ChowWKWongLTFungWY. Field measurement in the air flow characteristics of big mechanically ventilated paces. Build Environ1996; 31(6): 541–550.
23.
ChowWKWongLT. Local air speeds measurement in mechanically ventilated spaces. Build Environ1999; 34: 553–563.
24.
Wang Z, Lin BR and Zhu YX. An evaluation method for building envelope energy efficiency design of new railway stations. In: Proceedings of ISHVAC 2011, the 7th international symposium on heating, ventilating and air conditioning, Shanghai, June 11 2011; pp.171–176.
25.
Ma W, Li L, He S, Cheng J, Huang G and Chen CQ. Influencing factors on energy consumption of air conditioning system in railway passenger station based on orthogonal experiment. In: Proceedings of ISDEA 2012, the 2012 second international conference on intelligent system design and engineering application, Sanya, China, January 6–7 2012; pp.841–847.
26.
NiJQChaiLChenL. Characteristics of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter concentrations in high-rise and manure-belt layer hen houses. Atmos Environ2012; 57: 165–174.
27.
NorbackDNordstromKZhaoZ. Carbon dioxide (CO2) demand-controlled ventilation in university computer classrooms and possible effects on headache, fatigue and perceived indoor environment: an intervention study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health2013; 86(2): 199–209.
28.
ASHRAE standard 62.1: 2010. Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality – effect of air diffuser layout on the ventilation condition of a workstation – part 2: air change efficiency and ventilation efficiency. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 2010.
29.
ZhaoJLIB. Mode of fresh air control and air-conditioning dynamic load in stores. J Harbin Univ Civil Eng Arch2001; 34(4): 74–78.
30.
MaWLiuXLiLShiXZhouCQ. Research on the waiting time of passengers and escalator energy consumption at the railway station. Energy Build2009; 41: 1313–1318.
31.
HeYMaoBDingY. Research on simulative calculation of maximum assembling of railway passenger station. J Syst Simul2006; 18(1): 213–216.
32.
GB 50226:2007. Code for design of railway passengers station buildings. Beijing: Chinese National GB Standard, Standardization Administration of China (SAC), 2001 [in Chinese].
33.
Shaw CY, Zhang JS, Said MN, Vaculik F. Effect of air diffuser layout on the ventilation conditions of a workstation – Part II: air change efficiency and ventilation efficiency. ASHRAE Transactions 99; 2: 133–142.
34.
ZhouZ. Inspection and control of indoor pollution, Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2002, pp. 9–23.
35.
YangXJinXDuZFanBChaiX. Evaluation of four control strategies for building VAV air-conditioning systems. Energy Build2011; 43: 414–422.
36.
XamánJOrtizAÁlvarezGChávezY. Effect of a contaminant source (CO2) on the air quality in a ventilated room. Energy2011; 36: 3302–3318.
37.
SarbuISebarchieviciC. Aspects of indoor environmental quality assessment in buildings. Energy Build2013; 60: 410–419.
38.
ConceiçãoEZEGomesJMMAntãoNHLúcioMMJR. Application of a developed adaptive model in the evaluation of thermal comfort in ventilated kindergarten occupied spaces. Build Environ2012; 50: 190–201.
39.
HolfordJMWoodsAW. On the thermal buffering of naturally ventilated buildings through internal thermal mass. J Fluid Mech2007; 580: 3–29.
40.
PersilyAK. Evaluation building IAQ and ventilation with indoor carbon dioxide. ARHRAE Trans1997; 103: 193–204.
41.
HarrisDHelwigN. Solar chimney and building ventilation. Appl Energy2007; 84: 135–146.
42.
WongNHHeryantoS. The study of active stack effect to enhance natural ventilation using wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Energy Build2004; 36: 668–678.
43.
GB 50019: 2003. Code for design of heating ventilation and air conditioning. Beijing: Chinese National GB Standard, Standardization Administration of China (SAC), 2001 [in Chinese].
44.
ChenHYangPHuangS. Fuzzy control of CO2 concentration in train station. J Central South Univ (Sci Technol)2003; 34: 652–656.
45.
SongFZhaoBYangXJiangYGopalVDobbsGSahmM. A new approach on zonal modeling of indoor environment with mechanical ventilation. Build Environ2008; 43(3): 278–286.
