A study of 132 unoccupied and 60 occupied caravans was conducted to determine levels of formaldehyde and factors which may affect these levels. Repeat monitoring was carried out 6 months later in 50 of the occupied caravans. A questionnaire was also used to assess po tential factors associated with the recorded levels. Mean formaldehyde levels of 100 ppb in unoccupied caravans and 29 ppb in occupied caravans were recorded. A nega tive correlation was found between formaldehyde levels and the age of caravans. There were significant seasonal differences in formaldehyde levels measured, with high er levels recorded in winter.
Norlen U., Andersson K.: An indoor climate survey of the Swedish housing stock (the ELIB Study) ; in Seppanen O, Railio J, Sateri J (eds): Indoor Air 93: Proc 6th Int Conf on Indoor Air Quality and Climate , Helsinki, 1993, vol 1, pp 743-748.
2.
Wiley J., Robinson J., Piazza T., Garrett K., Cirksena K., Cheng Y., Martin G.: Activity patterns of California residents. Final Report to Air Resources Board, Contract No A6-177-33. Sacramento, 1990 .
3.
Stenton SC, Hendrick DJ: Formaldehyde. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am1994;14:635-657.
4.
American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygenists (ACGIH) : 1990-1991 threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. ACGIH , 1990.
5.
Franklin P., Dingle P., Stick S.: Formaldehyde exposure in homes associated with increased levels of nitric oxide in healthy children. Respirology1999 ;4(suppl Jan):A6.
6.
Stock TH: Formaldehyde concentrations inside conventional housing. J Air Pollut Control Assoc1987;37:913-918.
7.
Godish TJ, Rouch J.: Mitigation of residential formaldehyde contamination by indoor climate control . Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1986;47: 792-797.
8.
Norback D., Bjornsson E., Janson C., Widstrom J., Boman G.: Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and carbon dioxide in dwellings. SourceOccup Environ Med1995;52:388-395.
9.
Brown SK: Chamber assessment of formaldehyde and VOC emissions from wood-based panels . Indoor Air1999;9:209-215.
10.
Garrett MH, Hooper MA, Hooper BM: Formaldehyde in Australian homes: Levels and sources. Clean Air1997;31:28-32.
11.
Kelly TJ, Smith DL, Satola J.: Emission rates of formaldehyde from materials and consumer products found in California homes. Environ Sci Technol1999 ;33:388-395.
12.
Australian Bureau of Statistics: Manufacturing Industry Details of Operations: Australia, 1988-89, Cat No 8203.0. Canberra, ABS, 1990.
13.
Caravan, camping and park home living. West Australian, Sept 21, 1991, p 100.
14.
Levin JO, Lindahl R., Andersson K.: Passive sampler for formaldehyde in air using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated glass fiber filters. Environ Sci Technol1986 ;20:1273-1276.
15.
Levin JO, Lindahl R., Andersson K.: Monitoring parts per billion levels of formaldehyde using a diffusive sampler . J Air Pollut Control Assoc1989;39:44-47.
16.
Dingle P.: Personal Exposure to Formaldehyde; PhD thesisMurdoch University , 1994.
17.
Australian and New Zealand Environment Council : Discussion Paper on Indoor Air Pollution. Sydney, Australian and New Zealand Environment Council , 1990
18.
Hanrahan L. , Anderson H., Dally K., Eckmann A., Kanarek M.: Formaldehyde concentrations in Wisconsin mobile homes. J Air Pollut Control Assoc1985 ;35:1164-1167.
19.
Sexton K., Liu K., Petreas M.: Formaldehyde concentrations inside private residences: A mail out approach to indoor air monitoring. J Air Pollut Control Assoc1986;36:698-704.
20.
Spengler JD , Sexton K.: Indoor air pollution: A public health perspective . Science1983 ;221:9-16.
21.
Sexton K., Petreas M., Liu K.: Formaldehyde exposures inside mobile homes. Environ Sci Technol1989;23:985-988.
22.
Meyer B., Hermanns K.: Diurnal variations of formaldehyde exposure in mobile homes. J Environ Health1985;48:57-61.
23.
McPhail S., Ferrari L., Johnson D., Cattell F.: Indoor Air Quality and Energy Conservation. NERDDC Project No 854 . Sydney, 1988.
24.
Wolkoff P., Clausen P., Nielsen P., Molhave L.: The Danish twin apartment study. Part 1: Formaldehyde and long-term VOC measurements ; in Walkinshaw D (ed): Indoor Air 90: Proc 5th Int Conf on Indoor Air Quality and Climate , Toronto, 1990, vol 2, pp 657-663.
25.
Ritchie IM, Lehnen RG: An analysis of formaldehyde concentrations in mobile and conventional homes . J Environ Health1985;47:300-305.
26.
Stock T., Mendez S.: A survey of typical exposures to formaldehyde in Houston area residences . Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1985 ;46:313-317.
27.
Hawthorne A. , Gammage RD, Dudney CS: An indoor air quality study of 40 East Tennessee homes. Environ Int1986;12:222-239.
28.
Meyer B., Hermanns K.: Formaldehyde release from pressed wood products; in Turoski V (ed): Formaldehyde, Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology. Advances in Chemistry, Ser 210. WashingtonAmerican Chemical Society, 1985 , pp 101-116.
