Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2025-8
Performance of a smell identification test versus the Mini-Mental Status Exam for the detection of dementia and cognitive impairment among persons with cognitive concerns in primary care
Odor identification deficits predict Alzheimer's disease (AD) in epidemiological studies.
Objective
To compare the accuracy of a short odor identification test with a short cognitive screening test for the detection of dementia and cognitive impairment in elderly persons with cognitive concerns.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of 600 participants 65 years and older, without known mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, with cognitive concerns, attending primary care practices in New York City. The odor identification test was the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT). The comparator test was the Mini Mental Status Exam II (MMSE). Cognitive diagnoses were made using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data set (NACC-UDS) version 3 forms with slight modifications. Test performance was compared using Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses.
Results
The mean age was 72.65 ± 6.31 years, 73.3% were female, 63.3% were Hispanic, 13.5% non-Hispanic Black, and 20.8% non-Hispanic White; 23.5% were classified as normal cognition, 27.7% as cognitive impairment-not mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 31.2% as amnestic MCI, 5.7% as non-amnestic MCI, and 12% as dementia. The MMSE was superior to the BSIT in detecting dementia and any cognitive impairment. Combining abnormal scores in the BSIT (≤8) to MMSE (≤24) improved the MMSE's specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) in detecting cognitive impairment.
Conclusions
The MMSE was superior to the BSIT in detecting dementia and cognitive impairment in primary care but using both tests improved specificity and PPV for identifying persons with subjective complaints needing further cognitive and biomarker evaluation.
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