Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) have poorly understood pathological/morphological correlates.
Objective
We aimed to (1) investigate the perception of the utility of different biomarkers in the assessment of BPSD among Italian Memory Clinics and (2) review current literature in this regard.
Methods
A multicenter, national survey was launched by the BPSD Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society for Dementia (SINdem). Participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire on their perception of possible associations between the occurrence/severity of different BPSD and different biomarkers, based on their individual knowledge and clinical experience, regarding any type and severity of cognitive impairment. Then, we performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. Only papers reporting biomarkers correlates of BPSD in neurocognitive disorders were included.
Results
Among the 53 responders, 94%, 68%, 68%, and 45% perceived neuropsychological testing, MRI, FDG-PET, and EEG, respectively, associated with the total amount of BPSD. EEG alterations were perceived selectively associated with nighttime behavior disturbances and psychosis cluster (p < 0.01). Hallucinations, apathy and delusions were perceived as more correlated with biomarkers. Years of experience using biomarkers for diagnosis were associated with a more selective use of topographical biomarkers (p < 0.01). 91% of participants consider useful increasing the use of biomarkers to predict the occurrence/severity of BPSD. The literature review identified 99 eligible studies. Brain MRI (60 articles) and FDG-PET (12 studies) alterations are the most associated with BPSD.
Conclusions
In clinical practice, topographical biomarkers related to regional consequences of the pathology are perceived as potentially informative in the BPSD's assessment.
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