State-of-the-art review of chloride-induced corrosion modeling in concrete structures

Abstract

The degradation of reinforced and post-tensioned concrete structures due to chloride-induced corrosion poses a significant threat to structural safety and durability. This paper offers a critical review of chloride-induced corrosion mechanisms, modeling, and structural analysis of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The review first examines chloride diffusion modeling, which governs corrosion initiation once chloride concentrations at the reinforcement exceed threshold values, and compares methods for estimating diffusion coefficients and chloride thresholds. Existing models for corrosion-induced damage, including corrosion rate, concrete cracking, reinforcement cross-section loss, and rebar–concrete bond deterioration, are then reviewed with emphasis on their assumptions and limitations. The paper further synthesizes studies on service-life prediction and structural performance—such as seismic response under corrosion effects—typically evaluated using rebar-section-loss and crack-propagation models. Special modeling considerations for post-tensioned bridge structures are also discussed. Overall, this review highlights that while corrosion modeling plays a central role in the assessment and management of RC structures, many existing approaches lack adequate validation, standardization, and robustness. Key research gaps are identified to guide future developments in corrosion modeling for RC structures.