The concrete shear keys, serving as the transverse displacement-limitation component between the superstructure and the substructure of the bridges, are prone to be damaged during the strong earthquakes. The use of the isolation bearings can mitigate the seismic responses of the bridge piers, but their excessive transverse deformation is also prominent and consequently can cause the complete failure of the shear keys. Aiming at enhancing the seismic performance of the isolated bridges under very rare earthquakes, a novel SMA-based sliding friction damper (SSFD) is proposed and simulated, which combines the SMA cables with the sliding friction mechanism. The hysteretic model of the SSFD is derived from theoretical analysis, and realized and verified through OpenSees. The design method is also proposed to determine the mechanical parameters of the SSFD so as to meet the seismic mitigation demand under very rare earthquakes. The verification study is then conducted to check the design method and evaluate the effectiveness of the SSFD in control the excessive displacement between the deck and the piers of an isolated bridge. The results show that the proposed novel SSFD can effectively reduce the bearing deformation with the mechanical parameters determined by the design method.
Al-AtikLAbrahamsonNA (2010) An improved method for nonstationary spectral matching. Earthquake Spectra26(6): 601–617.
2.
AlkhairoAOukailiNAl-MahaidiR (2024) Flexural improvement of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with self-prestressing shape memory alloys. Advances in Structural Engineering27(2): 195–214.
3.
BozorgzadehAMegallySHRestrepoJI, et al. (2006) Capacity evaluation of exterior sacrificial shear keys of bridge abutments. Journal of Bridge Engineering11(5): 555–565.
4.
CardoneDDolceMPalermoG (2009) Direct displacement-based design of seismically isolated bridges. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering7: 391–410.
5.
ChenLS (2012) Repoet on Highways’s Damage in the Wenchuan Earthquake – Bridge. Beijing: China Communication Press. (in Chinese).
6.
ChopraAK (1997) Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Application to Earthquake Engineering. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Ltd.
7.
DengKLPanPSuYK, et al. (2014) Development of an energy dissipation restrainer for bridges using a steel shear panel. Journal of Constructional Steel Research101: 83–95.
8.
DengJFeiZYLiJH, et al. (2023) Flexural capacity enhancing of notched steel beams by combining shape memory alloy wires and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. Advances in Structural Engineering26(8): 1525–1537.
9.
DesRochesRSmithB (2004) Shape memory alloys in seismic resistant design and retrofit: a critical review of their potential and limitations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering8(3): 415–429.
10.
DongJCCaiSOkeilAM (2011) Overview of potential and existing applications of shape memory alloys in bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering16(2): 305–315.
11.
FEMA P695 (2009) Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Washington D.C., USA: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
12.
FilippouFCBerteroVVPopovEP (1983) Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints. In: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 83–99.
13.
GB 18306-2015 (2015) Seismic ground motion parameters zonation map of China. Beijing, China: National Standardization Administation of China.
14.
HanQDuXLLiuJB, et al. (2009) Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration8(2): 263–273.
15.
HanQZhouYLOuYC, et al. (2017) Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete sacrificial exterior shear keys of highway bridges. Engineering Structures139: 59–70.
16.
HanQHuMHZhouYL, et al. (2018) Seismic performance of interior shear keys of highway bridges. ACI Structural Journal115(4): 1011–1021.
17.
Hedayati DezfuliFAlamMS (2018) Smart lead rubber bearings equipped with ferrous shape memory alloy wires for seismically isolating highway bridges. Journal of Earthquake Engineering22(6): 1042–1067.
18.
HuSLKoetakaYChenZP, et al. (2024) Hybrid self-centering braces with NiTi-SMA U-shaped and frequency-dependent viscoelastic dampers for structural and nonstructural damage control. Engineering Structures308: 117920.
19.
HuangJHWangBChenZP, et al. (2024) Development of novel self-centering timber beam-column connections with SMA bars. Journal of Structural Engineering150(8): 04024078.
20.
LiuZDongZZhuH, et al. (2023) Stress recovery behaviour of a large-diameter Fe-SMA stranded wire developed for structural prestressing loss compensation. Advances in Structural Engineering26(5): 966–982.
21.
LiuJLChenCLinJQ, et al. (2024) A new constitutive model of shape memory alloy and its seismic mitigation capacity compared with existing models. Advances in Structural Engineering27(5): 835–853.
22.
LongXHLiZLGuXP, et al. (2024) Uncertain seismic response and robustness analysis of isolated continuous girder bridges. Advances in Structural Engineering27(15): 2733–2749. doi: 10.1177/13694332241281533.
23.
ManderJBPriestleyMJNParkR (1988) Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering114: 1804–1826.
24.
MegallySHSilvaPFSeibleF (2001) Seismic response of sacrificial shear keys in bridge abutments. In: Structural Systems Research Project. Report no. 23.
25.
MeiHGuoAX (2023) Quasi-static experimental study on seismic performance of exterior shear key with different failure modes. Engineering Structures287: 116173.
26.
MishraSKGurSRoyK, et al. (2016) Response of bridges isolated by shape memory-alloy rubber bearing. Journal of Bridge Engineering21(3): 04015071.
27.
OtsukaKWaymanCM (1999) Shape Memory Materials. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
28.
OzbulutOEHurlebausS (2011a) Optimal design of superelastic-friction base isolators for seismic protection of highway bridges against near-field earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics40(3): 273–291.
29.
OzbulutOEHurlebausS (2011b) Seismic assessment of bridge structures isolated by a shape memory alloy/rubber-based isolation system. Smart Materials and Structures20(1): 015003.
30.
RahgozarNAlamMS (2023) A novel hybrid self-centering piston-based bracing Fitted with SMA bars and friction springs: Analytical study and seismic simulation. Journal of Structural Engineering149(6): 04023055.
31.
RahgozarNAlamMS (2024) Earthquake-induced loss assessment of hybrid self-centering piston-based braced frame with friction springs and SMA bars. Engineering Structures305: 117731.
32.
SarrazinMMoroniONeiraC, et al. (2013) Performance of bridges with seismic isolation bearings during the Maule earthquake, Chile. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering47: 117–131.
33.
SchexnayderCAlarcónLAntilloE, et al. (2014) Observations on bridge performance during the Chilean earthquake of 2010. Jouranl of Construction Engineering and Management140: B4013001.
34.
ScottBDParkRPriestleyMJN (1982) Stress-strain behavior of concrete confined by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates. Journal of the American Concrete Institute79: 13–27.
35.
SilvaPFMegallySSeibleF (2009) Seismic performance of sacrificial exterior shear keys in bridge abutments. Earthquake Spectra25(3): 643–664.
36.
SoulHYawnyA (2017) Applicability of superelastic materials in seismic protection systems: a parametric study of performance in isolation of structures. Smart Materials and Structures26(8): 085036.
37.
WuSW (2019) Investigation on the connection forces of shear keys in skewed bridges during earthquakes. Engineering Structures194: 334–343.
38.
WuWPYangLLiLF (2022) Seismic behavior comparison of the post-tensioned unbonded prefabricated retaining blocks for highway bridges. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering162: 107424.
39.
XiangNLLiJZ (2016) Seismic performance of highway bridges with different transverse unseating-Prevention devices. Journal of Bridge Engineering21(9): 04016045.
40.
XiangNLLiJZ (2018a) Effect of exterior concrete shear keys on the seismic performance of laminated rubber bearing-supported highway bridges in China. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering112: 185–197.
41.
XiangNLLiJZ (2020) Utilizing yielding steel dampers to mitigate transverse seismic irregularity of a multispan continuous bridge with unequal height piers. Engineering Structures205: 110056.
42.
XiangNLAlamMSLiJZ (2018b) Shake table studies of a highway bridge model by allowing the sliding of laminated-rubber bearings with and without restraining devices. Engineering Structures171: 583–601.
43.
XiangNLAlamMSLiJZ (2019) Yielding steel dampers as restraining devices to control seismic sliding of laminated rubber bearings for highway bridges: Analytical and experimental study. Journal of Bridge Engineering24(11): 04019103.
44.
ZhangXHWuXWuWP, et al. (2023) Mechanical response and energy absorption of bridge block with negative Poisson’s ratio. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering171: 107972.
45.
ZhengWZWangHLiJ, et al. (2021) Parametric study of SMA-based friction pendulum system for response control of bridges under near-fault ground motions. Journal of Earthquake Engineering25(8): 1494–1512.
46.
ZhengWZTanPLiJ, et al. (2023) Superelastic pendulum isolator with multi-stage variable curvature for seismic resilience enhancement of cold-regional bridges. Engineering Structures284: 115960.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
