This study introduces a shape memory alloy (SMA)-spring damper which is composed of SMA bars and elastic springs arranged in perpendicular. The damper depicts a curved flag-shape hysteretic behavior that is endowed with self-centering capacities and large deformation capabilities but uses reduced amount of SMA material. A design procedure is proposed to apply the SMA-spring damper to the bridge with laminated rubber bearings which would slide under seismic excitations. Analytical results validate the effectiveness of SMA-spring dampers in seismic control of the bridge: (1) The damper provides trivial stiffness to the bridge at small displacement, and the isolation efficiency of the bridge is maintained; (2) large horizontal force is provided for the structures at large deformation of the bearings, which alleviates the excessive displacement of bearings and prevents span collapse; and (3) the damper helps recenter the bearings and reduce the residual displacement of the bridge.
AntoniadisIChronopoulosDSpitasV, et al. (2015) Hyper-damping properties of a stiff and stable linear oscillator with a negative stiffness element. Journal of Sound and Vibration346: 37–52.
2.
AttaryNSymansMNagarajaiahS, et al. (2015) Experimental shake table testing of an adaptive passive negative stiffness device within a highway bridge model. Earthquake Spectra31: 2163–2194.
3.
CaoSOzbulutOEWuS, et al. (2020) Multi-level SMA/lead rubber bearing isolation system for seismic protection of bridges. Smart Materials and Structures29: 055045.
4.
CardoneDDolceMPonzoFC (2006) The behaviour of sma isolation systems based on a full-scale release test. Journal of Earthquake Engineering10: 815–842.
5.
CarreñoRLotfizadehKConteJ, et al. (2020) Material model parameters for the Giuffrè-Menegotto-Pinto uniaxial steel stress-strain model. Journal of Structural Engineering146: 04019205.
6.
CasciatiFFaravelliLSalehRA (2009) An SMA passive device proposed within the highway bridge benchmark. Structural Control & Health Monitoring16: 657–667.
7.
ChoiENamTHOhJT, et al. (2006) An isolation bearing for highway bridges using shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A438: 1081–1084.
8.
ChouCCChenJH (2011) Seismic design and shake table tests of a steel post-tensioned self-centering moment frame with a slab accommodating frame expansion. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics40: 1241–1261.
9.
DesrochesRSmithB (2004) Shape memory alloys in seismic resistant design and retrofit: a critical review of their potential and limitations. Journal of Earthquake Engineering8: 415–429.
10.
DolceMCardoneDMarnettoR (2000) Implementation and testing of passive control devices based on shape memory alloys. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics29: 945–968.
11.
DolceMCardoneDPonzoFC, et al. (2005) Shaking table tests on reinforced concrete frames without and with passive control systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics34: 1687–1717.
12.
ChoiENamT-HChoB-S (2005) A new concept of isolation bearings for highway steel bridges using shape memory alloys. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering32: 957–967.
13.
FangCZhengYChenJ, et al. (2019) Superelastic NiTi SMA cables: thermal-mechanical behavior, hysteretic modelling and seismic application. Engineering Structures183: 533–549.
14.
GraesserEJCozzarelliFA (1991) Shape-memory alloys as new materials for aseismic isolation. Journal of Engineering Mechanics117: 2590–2608.
15.
HanQDuXLiuJ, et al. (2009) Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration8: 263–273.
Hedayati DezfuliFAlamMS (2014) Performance-based assessment and design of FRP-based high damping rubber bearing incorporated with shape memory alloy wires. Engineering Structures61: 166–183.
18.
Hedayati DezfuliFAlamMS (2015) Hysteresis model of shape memory alloy wire-based laminated rubber bearing under compression and unidirectional shear loadings. Smart Material Structures24: 065022.
19.
Hedayati DezfuliFAlamMS (2018) Smart lead rubber bearings equipped with ferrous shape memory alloy wires for seismically isolating highway bridges. Journal of Earthquake Engineering22: 1042–1067.
20.
HumbeeckJVKustovS (2005) Active and passive damping of noise and vibrations through shape memory alloys: applications and mechanisms. Smart Materials and Structures14: 171–185.
21.
Institute CHPaD (2004) Code for Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Culverts. Beijing, China: China Communications Press.
22.
JangidRS (1997) Response of pure-friction sliding structures to bi-directional harmonic ground motion. Engineering Structures19: 97–104.
23.
KentDCParkR (1971) Flexural members with confined concrete. Journal of the Structural Division97: 1969–1990.
24.
KhanMMLagoudasDCMayesJJ, et al. (2004) Pseudoelastic SMA spring elements for passive vibration isolation: part I – modeling. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures15: 415–441.
25.
LiH-NSunTLaiZ, et al. (2018a) Effectiveness of negative stiffness system in the benchmark structural-control problem for seismically excited highway bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering23: 04018001.
26.
LiHNLiuMMFuX (2018b) An innovative re-centering SMA-lead damper and its application to steel frame structures. Smart Materials and Structures27: 75029.
27.
LiJPengTXuY (2008) Damage investigation of girder bridges under the Wenchuan earthquake and corresponding seismic design recommendations. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration7: 6–13.
MillerDJFahnestockLAEathertonMR (2012) Development and experimental validation of a nickel–titanium shape memory alloy self-centering buckling-restrained brace. Engineering Structures40: 288–298.
30.
MishraSKGurSRoyK, et al. (2016) Response of bridges isolated by shape memory-alloy rubber bearing. Journal of Bridge Engineering21: 04015071.
31.
MotahariSAGhassemiehMAbolmaaliSA (2007) Implementation of shape memory alloy dampers for passive control of structures subjected to seismic excitations. Journal of Constructional Steel Research63: 1570–1579.
32.
OzbulutOEHljrlebausSDesrochesR (2011) Seismic response control using shape memory alloys: a review. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures22: 1531–1549.
33.
ParulekarYMReddyGR (2009) Passive response control systems for seismic response reduction: a state-of-the-art review. International Journal of Structural Stability Dynamics09: 151–177.
34.
PasalaDTRSarlisAANagarajaiahS, et al. (2013) Adaptive negative stiffness: new structural modification approach for seismic protection. Journal of Structural Engineering139: 1112–1123.
35.
PEER (2018) PEER Ground Motion Database. Berkeley: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California. https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/
36.
QiuCWangHLiuJ, et al. (2020) Experimental tests and finite element simulations of a new SMA-steel damper. Smart Materials and Structures29: 35016.
37.
ShinozukaMChaudhuriSRMishraSK (2015) Shape-memory-alloy supplemented lead rubber bearing (SMA-LRB) for seismic isolation. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics41: 34–45.
38.
WalshRA (2000) Electromechanical design handbook. In Comprehensive Spring Design. Severn, MD: McGraw-Hill, Chap. 7
39.
WilliamsKChiuGBernhardR (2002) Adaptive-passive absorbers using shape-memory alloys. Journal of Sound and Vibration249: 835–848.
40.
XiangNLiJ (2016) Seismic performance of highway bridges with different transverse unseating-prevention devices. Journal of Bridge Engineering21: 04016045.
41.
XiangNLiJ (2017) Experimental and numerical study on seismic sliding mechanism of laminated-rubber bearings. Engineering Structures141: 159–174.
42.
ZhengW-ZWangHLiJ, et al. (2021) Parametric study of SMA-based friction pendulum system for response control of bridges under near-fault ground motions. Journal of Earthquake Engineering25: 1494–1512.
43.
ZhengYDongYLiY (2018) Resilience and life-cycle performance of smart bridges with shape memory alloy (SMA)-cable-based bearings. Construction and Building Materials158: 389–400.
44.
ZhengYDongYChenB, et al. (2019) Seismic damage mitigation of bridges with self-adaptive SMA-cable-based bearings. Smart Structures and Systems24: 127–139.
45.
ZhuSZhangY (2008) Seismic analysis of concentrically braced frame systems with self-centering friction damping braces. Journal of Structural Engineering134: 121–131.
