The medium of Japanese animation is a powerhouse in the world of alternative
entertainment. Proselytization by fans ignited the anime movement in America,
despite Japanese copyright holders’ abandonment of the American market.
This historical and cultural analysis demonstrates that fans’ continual
infringement of copyright between 1976 and 1993 spurred the progress of commerce and
the arts. Introducing the concept of cultural sinks, this analysis explains these
phenomena in terms of demand formation, the role of commons and the causational
links between the fans, artists, rights holders and markets that characterize the
globalization of culture.
Allison, A.
(2002)
‘The Cultural Politics of Pokemon Capitalism’
, paper presented at ‘Media in Transition 2:
Globalization and Convergence’, Cambridge,
MA, 10-12 May. URL:
http://cms.mit.edu/conf/mit2/Abstracts/AnneAllison.pdf (accessed 4 Oct. 2004).
2.
Andersen, C.
(2003) ‘Disney’s Lion King Was to Be a
Remake of Kimba the White Lion? Or, Remake of Tezuka’s Popular Story
Turns Into Denial? Kimba the White Lion: Kimba W. Lion’s Corner of the
Web.’ URL: http://www.kimbawlion.com/rant2.htm (accessed
28 Apr. 2004).
Cleopatra: Queen of Sex
(1970) Directed by Osamu Tezuka and Eiichi Yamamoto. Mushi
Productions. In Anime News Network Encyclopedia(2004) URL:
http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=3253 (accessed
1 Oct. 2004).
Deneroff, H.
(1996) ‘Fred Ladd: An Interview’,
Animation World Network
. URL:
http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.5/articles/deneroffladd1.5.html (accessed
22 Feb. 2003).
12.
‘Fans, Fansubs, and JAILED’
(2002) ‘History of Anime in the US, Right Stuf
International. URL: http://www.rightstuf.com/resource/us_fans.shtml
(accessed 4 Dec. 2003).
13.
FOXNews.com (2004) ‘Disney to Close Animation
Studio’ (12 Jan.). URL:
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,108194,00.html (accessed 1 Oct. 2004).
14.
Gercik, P.
(1996) On Track with the Japanese: A Case-by-Case Approach to
Building Successful Relationships.
New York: Kodansha
.
15.
Hannerz, U.
(1990) ‘Cosmopolitans and Locals in World
Culture’, in
M. Featherstone
(ed.) Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity.
London: Sage
.
16.
Hills, M.
(2002)
‘Transcultural otaku: Japanese Representations of Fandom and
Representations of Japan in Anime/manga Fan Cultures’
, paper presented at ‘Media in Transition 2:
Globalization and Convergence’, Cambridge,
MA, 10-12 May. URL:
http://cms.mit.edu/conf/mit2/Abstracts/MattHillspaper.pdf (accessed 3
Oct. 2004).
Ishiguro, N.
(2004) Lecture given on Japanese Animation: Still Pictures, Moving
Minds course, MIT, 10 May.
20.
Iwabuchi, K.
(2002) Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and
Japanese Transnationalism.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press
.
21.
Jenkins, H.
(2004) ‘Pop Cosmopolitanism’,
in
M. Suárez-Orzoco
and
D. Qin-Hilliard
(eds) Globalization: Culture and Education in the New Millennium,
pp. 114-140.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
.
22.
JETRO (Japan External Trade Organization)
(2004) ‘Trends in the Japanese Animation
Industry’. URL:
http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/stats/economy/jem0404-2e.pdf (accessed 26 Mar. 2005).
23.
Ledoux, T.
and
D. Ranney
(1997) The Complete Anime Guide (2nd edn).
Issaquah, WA: Tiger Mountain Press
.
24.
Leonard, S.
(2005)
‘Celebrating Two Decades of Unlawful Progress’
, UCLA Entertainment Law Review.
25.
Lessig, L.
(2002a) The Future of Ideas.
New York: Vintage Books
.
26.
Lessig, L.
(2002b) ‘A Threat to Innovation on the
Web’, in D. Farber Lessig: Coalition Asks FCC to Ensure
End-to-end. Interesting-People Message (14 Dec.). URL:
http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200212/msg00053.html
(accessed 28 Apr. 2004).
27.
Littardi, C.
(1992) ‘An Interview with Isao
Takahata’, in
S. Feldman
(ed.) and K. Elescor (trans. from the French) Nausicaa.net (1993).
URL: http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/interviews/t_corbeil.html (accessed
8 Dec. 2003).
28.
McCarthy, H.
(1999) Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation.
Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press
.
29.
Mainichi Interactive
(2003) ‘The Hollowing out of Japan’s
Anime Industry’ (25 Feb.). URL:
http://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/news/archive/200302/25/20030225p2a00m0oa024000c.html
(accessed 8 May 2003).
30.
Mittell, J.
(2004) Genre and Television.
New York: Routledge
.
‘Pioneer’s Animation Division’
(2002) History of Anime in the US, Right Stuf
International. URL:
http://www.rightstuf.com/resource/us_pioneer.shtml (accessed 4 Dec. 2003).
Roberts, M.
(2001)
‘Notes on the Global Underground: Subcultural Elites, Conspicuous Cosmopolitanism’
, paper presented at ‘Globalization, Identity and the
Arts’, University of Manitoba, 20
October. URL:
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/english/media/workshop/papers/roberts/roberts_paper.pdf
(accessed 1 Oct. 2004).
39.
Saltzer, J.H.
and
M.F. Kaashoek
(2004) Topics in the Engineering of Computer Systems.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
40.
San Francisco Chronicle
(2003) ‘RIAA Decries Drop in CD
Sales’ (3 Sept.). URL:
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/09/03/BU249534.DTL&type=tech
(accessed 1 Oct. 2004).
41.
Schodt, F.L.
(1983) Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics.
Japan: Kodansha
.
42.
Schodt, F.L.
(2003) ‘Frederick L. Schodt’s Evolving
Bibliography. Jai2: The World of Frederick L. Schodt. URL:
http://www.jai2.com/Mybiblio.htm%23Film%2520credits (accessed 3 Dec. 2003).
43.
Stude, M. (1993) ‘Pioneer News’, rec.arts.anime (27 Nov.)
(forward of letter from Pioneer, 17 Nov. Message ID:
-1331469918snx@izumi.DIALix.oz.au (accessed 4 Dec. 2003).
44.
Takashi, A. (1991) ‘AnimeCon postscript...’,
rec.arts.anime (17 Sept.). Message ID: 9540@ntmtv.UUCP (accessed 4 Dec. 2003), in A.
Takashi (2003) Alan’s Archive: Notes from Baycon and AnimeCon
’91. URL:
http://www.tcp.com/%7Edoi/alan/webguide/postings/trek.91.baycon.html
(accessed 4 Dec. 2003).
45.
Tatsugawa, M. (1993a) ‘Growth in the Anime Industry’,
rec.arts.anime (21 Apr.). Message ID: 1993Apr21.020015.4982@nic.csu.net (accessed 4
Dec. 2003).
46.
Tatsugawa, M. (1993b) ‘Re: Please Help with Anime Fandom
History!!’, rec.arts.anime (21 July). Message ID:
1993Jul21.012418.5880@nic.csu.net (accessed 1 Dec. 2003).
47.
Tatsugawa, M.et al.
(1991)
‘Editor’s Note’
, in Ä-ni-mé: Berkeley Journal of Japanese Animation1(2).
48.
Tomlinson, J.
(1991) Cultural Imperialism.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
.
49.
US Copyright Law (2003) Washington, DC: US Copyright Office, 17 USC §106.
50.
Voltron: Hyakujuo Go-Lion, Kiko Kantai Dairugger XV (1981) Directed by
Katsuhiko Taguchi et al., Tokyo, Toei Animation (TV series, 125 episodes), in J.
Clements and H. McCarthy (2001) The Anime Encyclopedia. Berkeley, CA: Stone
Bridge Press.
51.
Yang, J. (1992) ‘Here it Is, the Village Voice Article’,
rec.arts.anime (12 Nov.). Message ID: 1992Nov12.121449.21495@panix.com (accessed 4
Dec. 2003).
