Pica and in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

American Psychiatric Association. 1980. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Third Edition (DSM-III) . Washington: American Association Press.

Anell, B. 1958. Preface. In: Geophagical Customs (eds. Anell, B. and Lagercranz, S.) Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia 17:1-23.

Associated Press. 1988. Eating dirt hard habit to break. Torero Star, October.

Bateson, E.M. and Lebroy, T. 1978. Clay eating by Aboriginals of the Northern Territory . Medical Journal of Australia (Special Supplement) 1:1- 3.

Beiser, M. , Ravel, J.L. , Collomb, H. , and Egelhoff, C. 1972. Assessing psychiatric disorder among the Serer of Senegal . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 154:141-151.

Beiser, M. , Burr, W.A. , Collomb, H. and Ravel, J. 1974. Pobough Lang in Senegal. Social Psychiatry 9:123-129.

Bicknell, D.H. 1975. Pica: A Childhood Symptom. London: Butterworth.

Von Bonsdorff, B. 1977. Pica: A hypothesis. British Journal of Haematology 35:476-477.

Bruhn, C.M. and Pangborn, B.M. 1971. Reported incidence of pica among migrant families , Journal of American Dietetic Association 58:417-20.

10.

Cavdar, A. , ARCASOY, A., CIN, S., BABACAN, E. and GOZDASOGLU, S. 1983. Geophagia in Turkey: Iron and zinc deficiency, iron and zinc absorption studies and response to treatment with zinc. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 129:71.

11.

Chen, X. , Yin, T. , He, J. , May, Q. , Ran, Z. and Li, L. 1985. Low-levels of zinc in hair and blood, pica, anorexia, and poor growth in Chinese preschool children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42:694-700.

12.

Christopherson, M.A. and Cantab, M.D. 1910. Earth-eating in the Egyptian Sudan. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Jan. 1st:3-7.

13.

Clayton, R.S. and Goodman, P.H. 1955. Roentgenographic diagnosis of geophagia. American Journal of Roentgenology 73:203-7.

14.

Coltman, C.A. 1969. Pagophagia and iron lack. Journal of the American Medical Association 207:513-516.

15.

Cooper, M. 1957. Pica. Springfield ( Illinois): Charles C. Thomas.

16.

Cragin, F.W. 1835. Observations on cachexia africana, or dirt-eating . American Journal of the Medical Sciences 17:356-362.

17.

Crosby, W.H. 1976a. Food pica and iron deficiency. Archives of Internal Medicine 127:960-61.

18.

_ 1976b. Pica. Journal of the American Medical Association 253:2765-68.

19.

_ 1976c. Pica: A compulsion caused by iron deficiency. British Journal of Haematology 34:341-42.

20.

Danford, D.E. 1982a. Pica among mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 87:141-45.

21.

_ 1982b. Pica and nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition 2:303-322. 1983. Pica and zinc. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 129:185.

22.

Danford, D.E. and Huber, A. 1981. Eating dysfunction in an institutionalized mentally retarded population. Appetite 2:281-292.

23.

Dickens, G. and Trethowan, W. 1971. Cravings and aversions during pregnancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 15:259-68.

24.

Duprey, A.J.B. 1900. The anaemia of dyspepsia consequent on dirt-eating . Lancet 2:1192-3.

25.

Eastwell, H.D. 1979. A pica epidemic: A price of sedentarism among Australian ex-hunter-gatherers. Psychiatry 42:264-273.

26.

Edwards, C. , McDonald, S. , Mitchell, J. , Jones, L. , Mason, L. , Kemp, A. , Laing, D. and Trigg, L. 1959. Clay-and cornstarch-eating women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 35:810-815.

27.

Edwards, C. , McDonald, S. , Mitchell, J. , Jones, L. , Mason, L. and Trigg, L. 1964. Effect of clay and cornstarch intake on women and their infants. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 44:109-115.

28.

Edwards, C. , McSwain, H. and Haire, S. 1954. Odd dietary practices of women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 30:976-981.

29.

Feldman, M.D. 1986. Pica: Current perspectives. Psychosomatics 27:519-523.

30.

Galt, F.L. 1872. Medical notes on the Upper Amazon. American Journal of Medical Sciences 64:395-416.

31.

Glickman, L.T. 1981. Pica patterns, toxocariasis and elevated blood lead in children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene 30:77-80.

32.

Greenberg, M. , Jacobziner, H. , McLAUGHLIN, M. Fuerst , H. and Pel-Litieri , O. 1958. Pica in relation to lead poisoning. Pediatrics 22:756-760.

33.

Grivetti, L.E. 1978. Culture, diet and nutrition: Selected themes and topics . Bioscience 28:171-177.

34.

Grivetti, L.E. Gutelius, M.F. , Millican F.K. , Layman, E.M. , Cohen, G.J. and Dublin, C.C. 1962. Nutritional studies of children with pica. Pediatrics 29:1012-17.

35.

Halsted, J.A. 1968. Geophagia in man: Its nature and nutritional effects . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21:1384-1393.

36.

Hawass, N. , Alnozha, M. and Kolawole, T. 1987. Adult geophagia — Report of three cases with review of the literature. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 39:191-195.

37.

Herrick, J.B. 1910. Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. Archives of Internal Medicine 6:517-519.

38.

Hooper, D. and Mann, H. 1906. Earth and the earth-eating habit in India. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1:249-270.

39.

Von Humboldt, A. 1907 (first published in 1815-26 in 7 volumes, in French). Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America 1799- 1804. London: George Bell and Sons . Vol. 2, pp. 494-504.

40.

Hunter, J. and De Kleine, R. 1984. Geophagy in Central America. The Geographical Review 74:157-169.

41.

Hunter, J.M. 1973. Geophagy in Africa and the United States: A culture-nutrition hypothesis. The Geographical Review 63:170-95.

42.

Kaplan, H. I. and Sadock, B. J. (eds.) 1980. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. (p. 2602)

43.

Key, C. , Horger, E.O. and Miller, J.M. 1982. Geophagia as a cause of maternal death. Obstetrics and Gynecology 60:525-6.

44.

Kolandwelu, A. 1979. Pica. Journal of Indian Medical Association 73:195.

45.

Koptagel, G. and Reimann, F. 1973. An investigation on the psychopathology of pica and hypochromic anaemia. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics 22:351-358.

46.

Lagercranz, S. 1958. Geophagical Customs in Africa and Among the Negroes in America. In: Geophagical Customs. Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia 17, pp. 24-84.

47.

Laufer, B. 1930. Geophagy. Field Museum of Natural History Publication No. 280, Anthropology Series, Vol. 18, No. 2.

48.

Leming, P.D. , Reed, D. and Martelo, O. 1981. Magnesium carbonate pica: An unusual case of iron deficiency . Annals of Internal Medicine 94:660.

49.

Lourie, R. 1963. Why children eat things that are not food. Children 10:43.

50.

Lourie, R.S. , Sokoloff, B. and Takahashi, L.Y. 1958. A Study of the Etiology of Pica in Young Children, An Early Pattern of Addiction. In: P. H. Hoch and J. Zubin (eds.) Problems of Addiction and Habituation. New York: Grune and Stratton.

51.

McLoughlin, I.J. 1987. The Picas. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, April:286-289.

52.

Mengel, C.E. , Carter, W.A. and Horton, E. 1964. Geophagia with iron deficiency and hypokalemia . Archives of Internal Medicine 114:470-74.

53.

Minnich, V. , Okcuoglu, A. , Tarcon, Y. , ARCASOV, A., CIN, S., YORUKOGLU, O., RENDA, F. and DEMIRAG, B. 1968 . Pica in Turkey: Effect of clay upon iron absorption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21:78-86.

54.

Mitchell, D. , Laycock, B.S. and Stephens, B.S. 1977. Motion sickness-induced pica in the rat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30:147-150.

55.

Okcuoglu, A. , Arkasoy, A. , MINNICH V., TARCON, Y., CIN, S., YORUKOGLU, O., DEMIRAG, B. and RENDA, F. 1966. Pica in Turkey. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 19:125-31.

56.

O'Rourke, D.E. , Quinn, J.G. , Nicholson, J.O. and Gibson, H.H. 1967. Geophagia during pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 29:581-84.

57.

Prasad, A.S. , Halsted, J.A. and Nadim, M. 1961. Syndrome of iron deficiency anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, hypogonadism, dwarfism, and geophagia, American Journal of medicine 31:532-46.

58.

Sayers, G.J. , Lipschitz, D.A. , Sayers, M. , Seftel, H.C. , Bothwell, T.H. and Charlton, P.W. 1974. Relationship between pica and iron nutrition in Johannesburg Black adults. South Africa Medical Journal 48:1655-60.

59.

Sayetta, R.B. 1986. Pica: An overview. American Family Physician 33:181-185.

60.

Scott, R. B. (ed.) 1973. Price's Textbook of the Practice of Medicine Eleventh Edition. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 1054-1065.

61.

Solien, N.L. 1954. A cultural explanation of geophagy. Florida Anthropologist 7:1-9.

62.

Snowdon, J. 1989. Pharmaceutical chemist — personal communication.

63.

Thompson, R.B. and Proctor, S.J. 1984. A Concise Textbook of Hematology. Baltimore: Urban and Schwartzenberg. pp. 5-87.

64.

Vermeer, D. 1966. Geophagy among the Tiv of Nigeria. Association of American Geographers 56:197-204.

65.

_ 1971. Geophagy among the Ewe of Ghana. Ethnology 10:56-72.

66.

Vermeer, D.E. and Frate, D.A. 1975. Geophagy in a Mississippi county. Annals of Association of American Geographers 63:414-24.

67.

_ 1979. Geophagia in rural Mississippi. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32:2129-2135.

68.

Weatherall, D.J. and Clegg, J.B. 1972. The Thalassaemia Syndromes Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwells.

69.

Youdim, M. and Iancu, T.C. 1978. Pica hypothesis. British Journal of Haematology 36:298.