This article reviews a number of recent publications in psychological anthropology that draw in varying degrees from psychoanalytic premises in order to theoretically address problems concerning the internalization of cultural meaning. The article begins with a discussion and critical comparison of Spiro's and Obeyesekere's perspectives on internalization that are in line with a number of classical formulations in anthropological and psychoanalytic theory, before turning to explore what appears to be an emerging new wave of perspectives in contemporary psychological anthropology that set out to discuss problems of internalization in the context of a complex modeling of psychological, social, and cultural processes. The article concludes with a brief discussion of where researchers may need to turn to further our understanding of `internalization' in relation to those intrapsychic, interpsychic, and extrapsychic processes underpinning the crafting of cultural minds.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Briggs, J. (1998). Inuit morality play. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press .
2.
Carey, S. (1996). Cognitive domains as modes of thought. In D. Olson & N. Torrance (Eds.), Modes of thought (pp. 187-215). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
3.
Castillo, R. J. (1994). Spirit possession in South Asia, Dissociation or hysteria? Part II: Case histories . Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 18, 141-162 .
4.
Chodorow, N. (1999). The power of feelings. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press .
5.
Cohler, B. J. (1992). Intent and meaning in psychoanalysis and cultural study. In T. Schwartzet al. (Eds.), New directions in psychological anthropology (pp. 269-293). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
6.
Crapanzano, V. (1980) Tuhami: Portrait of a Moroccan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
7.
Csordas, T. (1993). Somatic modes of attention . Cultural Anthropology, 8, 135-156 .
8.
D'Andrade, R. (1995). The development of cognitive anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
9.
D'Andrade, R., & Strauss, C. (Eds.). (1992). Human motives and cultural models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
10.
Devereux, G. (1956). Normal and abnormal: The key problem of psychiatric anthropology. In J. Casagrande & T. Gladwin (Eds.), Some uses of anthropology, theoretical and applied (pp. 23-45). Washington, DC: Anthropological Society for Washington .
11.
Devereux, G. (1967). From anxiety to method in the behavioral sciences. Paris: Mouton .
12.
Fiske, A. P. (n.d.). Learning a culture the way that informants do: Observation, imitation and participation. Unpublished manuscript.
13.
Garro, L. (2000). Remembering what one knows and the construction of the past . Ethos, 28(3), 275-319 .
14.
Garro, L. (2001). The remembered past in a culturally meaningful life: Remembering as culture, social and cognitive process. In C. Moore & H. Mathews (Eds.), The psychology of cultural experience (pp. 105-150). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
15.
Good, B. (1994). Medicine, rationality, and experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
16.
Hallowell, I. A. (1955). Culture and experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press .
17.
Hollan, D. (1997). The relevance of person-centered ethnography to cross-cultural psychiatry . Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(2), 219-234 .
18.
Hollan, D. (2000). Constructivist models of mind, contemporary psychoanalysis, and the development of culture theory . American Anthropologist, 102(3), 538-550 .
19.
Hollan, D. (2001). Developments in person-centered ethnography. In C. Moore & H. Mathews (Eds.), The psychology of cultural experience (pp. 1-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
20.
Howes, D. (1991). The varieties of sensory experience. Toronto: University of Toronto Press .
21.
Hume, D. (1961). A treatise of human nature. New York: Doubleday . (Original published 1760.)
22.
Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press .
23.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Henry Holt .
24.
Johnson, A. (1998). Repression: A reexamination of the concept as applied to folktales . Ethos, 26, 295-313 .
25.
Kirmayer, L. J. (1996). Landscapes of memory: Trauma, narrative, and dissociation. In P. Antze & M. Lambek (Eds.), Tense past: Cultural essays in trauma and memory (pp. 173-198). London: Routledge .
26.
Kirmayer, L. J. (2000). Broken narratives: Clinical encounters and the poetics of illness experience. In C. Mattingly & L. Garro (Eds.), Narrative and the cultural construction of illness and healing (pp. 153-180). Los Angeles: University of California Press .
27.
Lambek, M., & Antze, P. (1996). Introduction: Forecasting memory. In P. Antze & M. Lambek (Eds.), Tense past: Cultural essays in trauma and memory (pp. vii-xxxviii). London: Routledge .
28.
Laughlin, C. D., & Throop, C. J. (1999). Emotions. In A. Hinton (Ed.), Biocultural approaches to the emotions (pp. 329-362). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
29.
Mandelbaum, M. (1977). The analtomy of knowledge. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press .
30.
Michotte, A. (1963). The perception of causality. New York: Basic Books .
31.
Natter, W., Schatzki, T. R., & Jones, J. P., III (1995). Contexts of objectivity. In Natteret al. (Eds.), Objectivity and its other. New York: Guilford .
32.
Needham, R. (1972). Belief, language and experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
33.
Obeyesekere, G. (1981). Medusa's hair. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
34.
Obeyesekere, G. (1990). The work of culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
35.
Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal process. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
36.
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. New York: Oxford University Press .
37.
Paivio, A. (1991). Images in mind. New York: Harvester & Wheatsheaf .
38.
Paul, R. (1995). Act and intention in Sherpa culture and society. In L. Rosen (Ed.), Other intentions: Cultural contexts and the attribution of inner states. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press .
39.
Prager, J. (1998). Presenting the past: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of misremembering. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
40.
Rorty, A. O. (1995). Understanding others. In L. Rosen (Ed.), Other intentions: Cultural contexts and the attribution of inner states. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press .
41.
Ryle, G. (1949). The concept of mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
42.
Schutz, A. (1967). The phenomenology of the social world. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press . (Original published 1932.)
43.
Schutz, A., & Luckmann, T. (1973). The structures of the life-world, vol. I. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press .
44.
Shore, B. (1990). Twice-born, once conceived . American Anthropologist, 94(4), 10-27 .
45.
Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
46.
Spiro, M. (1965). Religious systems as culturally constituted defense mechanisms. In B. Kilbourne & L. L. Langness (Eds.), Culture and human nature (pp. 145-160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
47.
Spiro, M. (1979). Whatever happened to the id? American Anthropologist, 81, 5-13 .
48.
Spiro, M. (1982). Oedipus in the Trobriands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
49.
Spiro, M. (1994). Collective representations and mental representations in religious symbol systems. In B. Kilbourne & L. L. Langness (Eds.), Culture and human nature (pp. 161-184). New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions Publishers . (Original published 1987.)
50.
Spiro, M. (1997). Gender ideology and psychological reality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
51.
Spiro, M. (2001). Cultural determinism, cultural relativism, and the comparative study of psychopathology . Ethos, 29(2), 218-234 .
52.
Strauss, C., & Quinn, N. (1997). A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
53.
Throop, C. J. (2002). Experience, coherence, and culture: The significance of Dilthey's `Descriptive psychology' for the anthropology of consciousness . Anthropology of Consciousness, 13(1), 2-26 .
54.
Throop, C. J. (in press). Articulating experience. Anthropological Theory.
55.
Throop, C. J., & Murphy, K. M. (2002). Bourdieu and phenomenology: A critical assessment . Anthropological Theory, 2(2), 185-207 .
56.
Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
57.
Turner, V. (1982). From ritual to theater: The seriousness of human play. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publication .
