This article analyzes putatively homophobic rhetoric and practices and their antihomophobic responses to understand how homophobia and antihomophobia may work together to produce `homonormative' gay subjects. It does so by investigating current debates over the pathologization of homosexuality and gender nonconformity, specifically examining charges that the psychiatric diagnosis Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood (GIDC) is homophobic. The author argues that emerging forms of homophobia, or `progay homophobias', are key to our understandings of anti-queer sentiments in an era of increased tolerance for homosexuality.
APA (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2.
APA (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3.
Bartlett, Nancy H., Vasey, Paul L. and Bukowski, William M. (2000) `Is Gender Identity Disorder in Children a Mental Disorder?', Sex Roles43(11/12): 753-85.
4.
Bem, Sandra Lipsitz (1993) The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
5.
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2003) Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
6.
Bradley, Susan J. and Zucker, Kenneth J. (1997) `Gender Identity Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years', Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry36(7): 872-80.
7.
Bradley, Susan J. and Zucker, Kenneth J. (1998) `Gender Identity Disorder' (Letter to the Editor), Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry37(3): 243-5.
8.
Bradley, Susan J. and Zucker, Kenneth J. (2003) `Reply to Pickstone-Taylor' (Letter to the Editor), Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry42(3): 266-8.
9.
Brown, Michael K., Carnoy, Martin, Currie, Elliott and Duster, Troy (2003) Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10.
Bryant, Karl (2006) `Making Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood: Historical Lessons for Contemporary Debates', Sexuality Research and Social Policy3(3): 23-39.
11.
Burke, Phyllis (1996) Gender Shock: Exploding the Myths of Male and Female . New York: Anchor Books.
12.
Coates, Susan and Wolfe, Sabrina (1997) `Gender Identity Disorders of Childhood', in Stanley Greenspan, Serena Wieder and Joy Osofsky (eds) Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Vol 1. Infants and Preschoolers: Development and Syndromes, pp. 453-72. New York: Wiley.
13.
Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. and Pfäfflin, Friedemann (2003) Transgenderism and Intersexuality in Childhood and Adolescence: Making Choices. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
14.
Corbett, Ken (1999) `Homosexual Boyhood: Notes on Girlyboys', in Matthew Rottnek (ed.) Sissies and Tomboys: Gender Nonconformity and Homosexual Childhood, pp. 107-39. New York: New York University Press.
15.
Duggan, Lisa (2002) `The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Politics of Neoliberalism', in Russ Castronovo and Dana D. Nelson (eds) Materializing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Cultural Politics, pp. 175-94. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
16.
Duggan, Lisa (2003) The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
17.
Erzen, Tanya (2006) Straight to Jesus: Sexual and Christian Conversions in the Ex-Gay Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
18.
Feder, Ellen K. (1999) `Regulating Sexuality: Gender Identity Disorder, Children's Rights, and the State', In Uma Narayan and Julia J. Bartowiak (eds) Having and Raising Children: Unconventional Families, Hard Choices, and the Social Good, pp. 163-76. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
19.
Gallagher, Charles A. (2003) `Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America', Race, Gender and Class10(4): 22-37.
20.
Gordon, Avery (1995) `The Work of Corporate Culture: Diversity Management' , Social Text44(1): 3-30.
21.
Green, Richard (1967) `Sissies and Tomboys: A Guide to Diagnosis and Management', in Charles William Wahl (ed.) Sexual Problems: Diagnosis and Treatment in Medical Practice , pp. 89-114. New York: The Free Press.
22.
Green, Richard (1968) `Childhood Cross-Gender Identification', Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases147(5): 500-9.
23.
Green, Richard (1971) `Diagnosis and Treatment of Gender Identity Disorders During Childhood', Archives of Sexual Behavior1(2): 167-73.
24.
Green, Richard (1972) `Homosexuality as a Mental Illness', International Journal of Psychiatry10(1): 77-98.
25.
Green, Richard (1974) Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults . New York: Basic Books.
26.
Green, Richard (1975) `The Significance of Feminine Behaviour in Boys' , Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines16(4): 341-4.
27.
Green, Richard (1987) The `Sissy Boy Syndrome' and the Development of Homosexuality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
28.
Green, Richard and Money, John (1960) `Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys', Journal of Nervous Disorders131(2):160-8.
29.
Green, Richard and Money, John (1961) `Effeminacy in Prepubertal Boys: Summary of Eleven Cases and Recommendations for Case Management', Pediatrics27(2): 286-91.
30.
Green, Richard and Money, John (1964) `Prepubertal, Morphologically Normal Boys Demonstrating Signs of Cross-Gender Identity: A Five-Year Follow-Up (abstracted)', American Journal of Orthopsychiatry34(2): 365-6.
31.
Green, Richard and Money, John (1966) `Stage-Acting, Role-Taking, and Effeminate Impersonation During Boyhood', Archives of General Psychiatry15(5): 535-8.
32.
Green, Richard, Newman, Lawrence E. and Stoller, Robert J. (1972) `Treatment of Boyhood "Transsexualism": An Interim Report of Four Years' Experience', Archives of General Psychiatry26: 213-17.
33.
Greenson, Ralph R. (1966) `A Transvestite Boy and a Hypothesis', International Journal of Psycho-Analysis47: 396-403.
34.
Haldeman, Donald C. (2000) `Gender Atypical Youth: Clinical and Social Issues' , School Psychology Review29(2): 192-200.
35.
Herman, Ellen (1995) The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
36.
Isay, Richard A. (1997) `Remove Gender Identity Disorder from DSM', Psychiatric News32: 9, 13.
37.
Lunbeck, Elizabeth (1994) The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
38.
Menvielle, Edgardo (1998) `Gender Identity Disorder', Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry37(3): 243-44.
39.
Money, John, Hampson, Joan G. and Hampson, John L. (1955a) `An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital97: 301-19.
40.
Money, John, Hampson, Joan G. and Hampson, John L. (1955b) `Hermaphroditism: Recommendations Concerning Assignment of Sex, Change of Sex, and Psychologic Management', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital97: 284-300.
41.
Money, John, Hampson, Joan G. and Hampson, John L. (1956) `Sexual Incongruities and Psychopathology: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism', Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital98: 43-57.
42.
Money, John, Hampson, Joan G. and Hampson, John L. (1957) `Imprinting and the Establishment of Gender Role', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry77: 333-6.
43.
Morin, Stephen F. and Schultz, Stephen J. (1978) `The Gay Movement and the Rights of Children', Journal of Social Issues34(2): 137-48.
44.
narth.com (n.d.) National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality, URL (accessed April 2008): www.narth.org
45.
Nordyke, N.S., Baer, D.M., Etzel, B.C. and LeBlanc, J.M. (1977) `Implications of the Stereotyping and Modification of Sex Role', Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis10(3): 553-57.
46.
Pickstone-Taylor, Simon D. (2003) `Children with Gender Nonconformity' (Letter to the Editor), Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry42(3): 266.
47.
Richardson, Justin (1999) `Response: Finding the Disorder in Gender Identity Disorder', Harvard Review of Psychiatry7(1): 43-50.
48.
Rorvik, David M. (1975) `The Gender Enforcers: Seeing to it that Boys will be Boys', Rolling Stone53(9 October): 67, 86-8.
49.
Rosenberg, Miriam (2002) `Children with Gender Identity Issues and Their Parents in Individual and Group Treatment', Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry41(5): 619-21.
50.
Scholinski, Dylan [Daphne] (1998) The Last Time I Wore a Dress. New York: Riverhead Books.
51.
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1991) `How to Bring Your Kids Up Gay', Social Text29(1): 18-27.
52.
Stoller, Robert J. (1964) `A Contribution to the Study of Gender Identity' , The International Journal of Pyscho-Analysis45(2-3): 220-6.
53.
Stoller, Robert J. (1968) Sex and Gender: On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity. New York: Science House.
54.
Stryker, Susan (2006) `(De)Subjugated Knowledges: An Introduction to Transgender Studies', in Susan Stryker and Stephen Whittle (eds) The Transgender Studies Reader, pp. 1-17. New York: Routledge .
55.
Stryker, Susan (2008) `Transgender History, Homonormativity and Disciplinarity' , Radical History Review100(winter): 145-57.
56.
Ward, Elizabeth Jane (2008) Respectably Queer: Diversity Culture in LGBT Activist Organizations. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
57.
Wilson, Ian, Griffin, Chris and Wren, Bernadette (2002) `The Validity of the Diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (Child and Adolescent Criteria)', Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry7(3): 335-51.
58.
Winkler, R.C. (1977) `What Types of Sex-Role Behavior Should Behavior Modifiers Promote?', Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis10(3): 549-52.
59.
Wolfe, B.E. (1979) `Behavioral Treatment of Childhood Gender Disorders: A Conceptual and Empirical Critique', Behavior Modification3(4): 550-75.
60.
Zucker, Kenneth J. (1999) `Gender Identity Disorder in the DSM-IV' (Letter to the Editor), Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy25(1): 5-9.
61.
Zucker, Kenneth J. (2005) `Gender Identity Disorder in Children and Adolescents' , Annual Review of Clinical Psychology1(1): 467-92.
62.
Zucker, Kenneth J. and Bradley, Susan J. (1995) Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescence. New York: The Guilford Press.
63.
Zucker, Kenneth J. and Spitzer, Robert L. (2005) `Was the Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood Diagnosis Introduced into DSM-III as a Backdoor Maneuver to Replace Homosexuality? A Historical Note', Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy31(1): 31-42.
64.
Zuger, Bernard (1966) `Effeminate Behavior in Boys Present from Early Childhood. I. The Clinical Syndrome and Follow-up Studies', Journal of Pediatrics69(6): 1098-107.
65.
Zuger, Bernard (1969) `Effeminate Behavior Present in Boys from Early Childhood. II. Comparison with Similar Symptoms in Non-Effeminate Boys', Pediatrics44(3): 375-80.
