Nicole Rafter (1939–2016) formed her vast and diverse oeuvre long before the rise of visual criminology. Nevertheless, Rafter was a pioneer in this new, expanding field. Rafter’s scholarly interest in ‘the visual’ and biological theories of crime appeared in her early scholarship. Eventually, Rafter focused on the visual and Cesare Lombroso’s (1835–1909) criminal anthropology. She discovered that Lombroso was not simply the founding figure of what is today called criminology, but of visual criminology.
BantaM (2003) Barbaric Intercourse: Caricature and the Culture of Conduct, 1841–1936. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
2.
BrownMRafterN (2013) Genocide films, public criminology, collective memory. British Journal of Criminology53(6): 1017–1032.
3.
BrusiusMDeanKRamalingamC (eds) (2013) William Henry Fox Talbot: Beyond Photography. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
4.
CallenA (1992) The Spectacular Body: Science Method and Meaning in the Work of Degas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
5.
CarrabineE (2012) Just images: Aesthetics, ethics and visual criminology. British Journal of Criminology52(3): 463–489.
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CarrabineE (2014) Seeing things: Violence, voyeurism and the camera. Theoretical Criminology18(2): 134–158.
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CarrabineE (forthcoming) Iconic power, dark tourism and the spectacle of suffering. In: HodgkinsonSPichéJWalbyK. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Tourism. London: Palgrave.
8.
ChangN (2015) The Crisis-Woman: Body Politics and Modern Woman in Fascist Italy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
9.
ColeS (2004) Fingerprint identification and the criminal justice system: Historical lessons for the DNA debate. In: LazerD (ed.) DNA and the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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ColomboG (1975/2000) La scienza infelice: Il museo di antropologia criminale di Cesare Lombroso. Turin: Bollati Boringhieri.
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ColomboG (1985) Il ‘delinquente’ di Lombroso: Dall’album all’Atlante. In: UmbertoL (ed.) La scienza e la colpa. Milan: Electra.
12.
Didi-HubermanG (2003) Invention of Hysteria: Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salpêtrière. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13.
DugdaleR (1877/1895) The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Hereditary: Also Further Studies of Criminals. New York: Putnam.
14.
DurkheimE (1895) The Rules of Sociological Method. Paris: F Alcan.
15.
FordK (2010) Playing with Venus: Black women artists and the Venus trope in contemporary visual art. In: WillisD (ed.) Black Venus: They Called Her ‘Hottentot’. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
16.
FoucaultM (1977/1979) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Penguin.
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FoucaultM (2011) Manet and the Object of Painting. London: Tate.
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GibsonM (1998) Biology or environment? Race and southern ‘deviancy’ in the writings of Italian criminologists, 1880–1920. In: SchneiderJ (ed.) Italy’s ‘Southern Question’: Orientalism in One Country. Oxford: Berg.
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GibsonM (2002) Race and crime. In:Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology. Westport, CT: Praeger.
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GibsonM (2013) Cesare Lombroso, prison science and penal policy. In: KnepperPYstehedeP (eds) The Cesare Lombroso Handbook. Abingdon: Routledge.
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GibsonMRafterN (2006a) Editors’ introduction. In: Lombroso CCriminal Man. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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GibsonMRafterN (2006b) Editors’ foreword. In: Lombroso C, Criminal Man. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
23.
GilmanS (2002) The Hottentot and the prostitute: Toward and iconography of female sexuality. In: PinderK (ed.) Race-ing Art History: Critical Readings in Race and Art History. New York: Routledge.
24.
GilroyP (2000) Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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GilroyP (2004) Between Camps: Nations, Cultures and the Allure of Race. London: Routledge.
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GombrichE (1999) Magic, myth and metaphor: Reflections on pictorial satire. In:The Uses of Images: Studies in the Social Function of Art and Visual Communication. London: Phaidon.
27.
GoodeJ (2005) Corrupting a good mix: Race and crime in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Spain. European History Quarterly35(2): 241–265.
28.
GoldbergD (1993) Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Oxford: Blackwell.
29.
HahnN [Nicole Hahn Rafter] (1980) Too dumb to know better: Cacogenic family studies and the criminology of women. Criminology18(1): 3–25.
JerroldBDoréG (1872) London: A Pilgrimage. London: Grant & Co.
32.
KempMWallace (2000) Spectacular Bodies: The Art and Science of the Human Body from Leonardo to Now. London: Hayward Gallery and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
33.
LennonJFoleyM (eds) (2000) Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster. London: Continuum.
LombrosoC (1911) Introduction. In: Lombroso FerreroG (ed.) Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso. New York: Putnam.
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LombrosoC (2006) Criminal Man. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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LombrosoCFerreroG (1893/2004) Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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Lombroso FerreroG (1911) Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso. New York: Putnam.
40.
MayhewH (1861) London Labour and London Poor: Cyclopaedia of the Condition and Earnings of Those That Will Work, Those That Cannot Work, and Those That Will Not Work. London: Griffin.
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MayhewHBinnyJ (1862) The Criminal Prisons of London, and Scenes of Prison Life. London: Griffin.
42.
MiliciaT (2014) Lombroso e il brigante. Storia di un cranio conteso. Rome: Salerno Editrice.
43.
MiliciaT (2016) Postcolonialismo o postmeridionalismo? Riflessioni sulla teoria postcoloniale a partire dalla ricerca sul campo ‘Into the heart of Italy’. From the European South1: 295–303.
44.
MontaldoS (2013) The Lombroso Museum from its origins to the present day. In: KnepperPYstehedeP (eds) The Cesare Lombroso Handbook. Abingdon: Routledge.
45.
Murawska-MuthesiusK (2009) The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy: Racism and ‘cartoon work’ in the age of the World Wide Web. In: HugganGLawI (eds) Racism, Europe, Postcolonialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46.
PastE (2012) Methods of Murder: Beccarian Introspection and Lombrosian Vivisection in Italian Crime Fiction. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
47.
PickD (1989) Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder c. 1848–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48.
PollockG (1988) Vicarious excitements: London: A pilgrimage by Gustave Doré and Blanchard Jerrold, 1872. New Formations4(1): 25–50.
49.
Portigliatti BarbosM (1993) Cesare Lombroso e il museo di antropologia criminale. In: CastronovoV (ed.) Storia illustrata di Torino. Milan: Elio Sellino.
50.
RafterN (1988) White Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies 1877–1919. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
51.
RafterN (1997) Creating Born Criminals. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
52.
RafterN (2000) Biological theories of crime: A historical overview. Curator essay for Searching the Criminal Body: Art/Science/Prejudice, 1840s to Present. An exhibit co-curated by Susan Erony and Nicole Rafter, 26 September–5 November 2000, University Art Museum, State University of New York at Albany. Available at: www.albany.edu/museum/wwwmuseum/criminal/curator/nicole.html.
53.
RafterN (2001a) Seeing and believing: Images of heredity in biological theories of crime. Brooklyn Law Review67(1): 71–99.
54.
RafterN (2001b) Looking at Lombroso: Space, gender, and representation in La donna delinquente. Workshop paper presented at Urban Space and Criminological Discourse, Vienna, December.
55.
RafterN (2005) Badfellas: Movie psychos, popular culture, and law. In: FreemanM (ed.) Law and Popular Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 339–357.
56.
RafterN (2006) Apes, men and teeth: Earnest A. Hooton and eugenic decay. In: CurrellSCogdellC (eds) Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
57.
RafterN (2007) Crime, film and criminology: Recent sex crime movies. Theoretical Criminology11(3): 403–420.
58.
RafterN (2008) The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime. New York: New York University Press.
59.
RafterN (2009) Criminal anthropology: Its reception in the United States and the nature of its appeal. In: BeckerPWetzellR (eds) Criminals and Their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60.
RafterN (2014) Introduction to the special issue on Visual Culture and the Iconography of Crime and Punishment. Theoretical Criminology18(2): 128–133.
61.
RafterN (2016) The Crime of All Crimes: Toward a Criminology of Genocide. New York: New York University Press.
62.
RafterN (forthcoming) Crime films and visual criminology. In: BrownMCarrabineE (eds) Routledge Handbook of Visual Criminology. London: Routledge.
63.
RafterNBrownM (2011) Criminology Goes to the Movies: Crime Theory and Popular Culture. New York: New York University Press.
64.
RafterNGibsonM (2004) Editors’ introduction. In: Lombroso CCriminal Woman, the Prostitute and the Normal Woman. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
65.
RichardsG (1997/2012) Race, Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History. London: Routledge.
66.
RoseN (2000) The biology of culpability: Pathological identity and crime control in a biological culture. Theoretical Criminology4(1): 5–34.
67.
SaidE (1978) Orientalism. London: Keegan and Paul.
68.
Stewart-SteinbergS (2007) The Pinocchio Effect: On Making Italians, 1860–1920. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
69.
ValierC (2000) Looking daggers: A psychoanalytical reading of the scene of punishment. Punishment and Society2(4): 379–394.
70.
VillaR (1985) Il deviante e i suoi segni: Lombroso e la nascita dell’antropologia criminale. Milan: Franco Angeli.
71.
WareV (1992) Beyond the Pale: White Woman, Racism and History. London: Verso.
72.
YoungA (2014a) Street Art, Public City: Law, Crime and the Urban Imagination. London: Routledge.
73.
YoungA (2014b) From object to encounter: Aesthetic politics and visual criminology. Theoretical Criminology18(2): 159–175.
74.
Yuval-DavisN (1997) Gender and Nation. London: SAGE.
75.
GariglioLRe-thinking Lombroso’s Archives. Antonella Nicola, Turin, 2002, Camera: Centro Italiano per la Fotografia, Turin, 2016, Galleria Mosaico, Chiasso, 2004.
76.
In Search of the Criminal Body: Science and Myth in Criminological History. Northeastern University, 1998. Curated by RafterNEronyS (1998).
77.
Searching the Criminal Body: Art/Science/Prejudice, 1840s to Present. University Art Museum, State University of New York at Albany, 2000. Curated by RafterNEronyS (2000).
78.
KempM (2016) Photography at the Sackler Library: Eadweard Muybridge’s ‘Animal Locomotion’, Martin Kemp and Kelley Wilder in conversation. The Photography Seminar, Department of the History of Art and Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford.
