AndreF. E.BooyR.BockH. L.ClemensJ.DattaS. K.JohnT. J.LeeB. W.LolekhaS.PeltolaH.RuffT. A.SantoshamM.SchmittH. J. (2008). Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(2), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.040089
2.
AndrewsN.MillerE.GrantA.StoweJ.OsborneV.TaylorB. (2004). Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: A retrospective cohort study in the United kingdom does not support a causal association. Pediatrics, 114(3), 584–591. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2003-1177-L
CummingsJ. R.LynchF. L.RustK. C.ColemanK. J.MaddenJ. M.Owen-SmithA. A.YauV. M.QianY.PearsonK. A.CrawfordP. M.MassoloM. L.QuinnV. P.CroenL. A. (2016). Health services utilization among children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 910–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2634-z
5.
DeStefanoF.BhasinT. K.ThompsonW. W.Yeargin-AllsoppM.BoyleC. (2004). Age at first measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in children with autism and school-matched control subjects: A population-based study in metropolitan Atlanta. Pediatrics, 113(2), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.2.259
6.
DeStefanoF.PriceC. S.WeintraubE. S. (2013). Increasing exposure to antibody-stimulating proteins and polysaccharides in vaccines is not associated with risk of autism. The Journal of Pediatrics, 163(2), 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.001
7.
DongE.NearchouA.OkuraY.SaiyedS.GardnerL. M. (2025). MMR vaccination coverage in the U.S. before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A modelling study (p. 2025.02.13.25322239). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.13.25322239
8.
FilliterJ. H.DoddsL.MacDonaldN.SheaS.DubéE.SmithI. M.CampbellL. A. (2017). The next vaccine-autism question: Are school-aged youth with autism spectrum disorder undervaccinated and, if so, why?Paediatrics & Child Health, 22(5), 285–287. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx083
9.
FombonneE.ZakarianR.BennettA.MengL.McLean-HeywoodD. (2006). Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and links with immunizations. Pediatrics, 118(1), e139–e150. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2993
10.
GardnerL.DongE.KhanK.SarkarS. (2020). Persistence of US measles risk due to vaccine hesitancy and outbreaks abroad. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 20(10), 1114–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30522-3
11.
GerberJ. S.OffitP. A. (2009). Vaccines and autism: A tale of shifting hypotheses. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 48(4), 456–461. https://doi.org/10.1086/596476
12.
HviidA.HansenJ. V.FrischM.MelbyeM. (2019). Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination and autism: A nationwide cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(8), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-2101
JainA.MarshallJ.BuikemaA.BancroftT.KellyJ. P.NewschafferC. J. (2015). Autism occurrence by MMR vaccine status among US children with older siblings with and without autism. JAMA, 313(15), 1534–1540. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.3077
15.
JaryH.PullenA.HowettD.HaniE.SulemanS.ByrneL.BoothE.PulestonR.SalibaV.CampbellC. N.ChattC. (2025). Sociodemographic inequalities in the epidemiology and vaccine uptake within a large outbreak of measles in Birmingham, England, 2023 to 2024. Eurosurveillance, 30(16), 2400652. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.16.2400652
16.
MadsenK. M.HviidA.VestergaardM.SchendelD.WohlfahrtJ.ThorsenP.OlsenJ.MelbyeM. (2002). A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(19), 1477–1482. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021134
17.
MaglioneM. A.DasL.RaaenL.SmithA.ChariR.NewberryS.ShanmanR.PerryT.GoetzM. B.GidengilC. (2014). Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 134(2), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1079
MitchellG. E.LockeK. D. (2015). Lay beliefs about autism spectrum disorder among the general public and childcare providers. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 19(5), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314533839
20.
Mrozek-BudzynD.KiełtykaA.MajewskaR. (2010). Lack of association between measles-mumps-rubella vaccination and autism in children: A case-control study. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 29(5), 397–400. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181c40a8a
21.
OzawaS.ClarkS.PortnoyA.GrewalS.BrenzelL.WalkerD. G. (2016). Return on investment from childhood immunization in low- and middle-income countries, 2011-20. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 35(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1086
22.
PluvianoS.WattC.RagazziniG.Della SalaS. (2019). Parents’ beliefs in misinformation about vaccines are strengthened by pro-vaccine campaigns. Cognitive Processing, 20(3), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-019-00919-w
23.
PriceC. S.ThompsonW. W.GoodsonB.WeintraubE. S.CroenL. A.HinrichsenV. L.MarcyM.RobertsonA.EriksenE.LewisE.BernalP.ShayD.DavisR. L.DeStefanoF. (2010). Prenatal and infant exposure to thimerosal from vaccines and immunoglobulins and risk of autism. Pediatrics, 126(4), 656–664. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0309
24.
StangA. (2010). Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25(9), 603–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z
25.
TaylorL. E.SwerdfegerA. L.EslickG. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623–3629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085
26.
UchiyamaT.KurosawaM.InabaY. (2007). MMR-vaccine and regression in autism spectrum disorders: Negative results presented from Japan. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0157-3
27.
UnoY.UchiyamaT.KurosawaM.AleksicB.OzakiN. (2012). The combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines and the total number of vaccines are not associated with development of autism spectrum disorder: The first case-control study in Asia. Vaccine, 30(28), 4292–4298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.093
28.
VerstraetenT.DavisR. L.DeStefanoF.LieuT. A.RhodesP. H.BlackS. B.ShinefieldH.ChenR. T.Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. (2003). Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: A two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases. Pediatrics, 112(5), 1039–1048.
29.
WakefieldA. J.MurchS. H.AnthonyA.LinnellJ.CassonD. M.MalikM.BerelowitzM.DhillonA. P.ThomsonM. A.HarveyP.ValentineA.DaviesS. E.Walker-SmithJ. A. (1998). Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet, 351(9103), 637–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11096-0
30.
ZerboO.ModaressiS.GoddardK.LewisE.FiremanB. H.DaleyM. F.IrvingS. A.JacksonL. A.DonahueJ. G.QianL.GetahunD.DeStefanoF.McNeilM. M.KleinN. P. (2018). Vaccination patterns in children after autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and in their younger siblings. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(5), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0082