Tamoxifen and HRT: Synergistic or Antagonistic?

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

1. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy: 133 randomised trials involving 31000 recurrences and 24000 deaths among 75000 women. Lancet 1992; 339: 1–15, 71–85

2. Powles

Jones

Ashley

. The Royal Marsden Hospital pilot tamoxifen chemoprevention trial. Br Cancer Research and Treatment 1994. 31: 73–82

3. Canney

Hatton

MQF

. The prevalence of menopausal symptoms in patients treated for breast cancer. Clinical Oncology 1994; 6: 297–299

4. Kedar

. Effects of tamoxifen on the uterus and ovaries of postmenopausal women involved in a randomised breast cancer prevention trial. Lancet 1994; 343: 1318–1321

5. Jordan

. Molecular mechanisms of antioestrogen action in breast cancer. Br Cancer Res Treat 1994; 31: 41–52

6. Colletta

Benson

Baum

Alternative actions of antioestrogens. Br Cancer Res Treatment 1994; 31: 5–9.

7. Love

. Symptoms associated with tamoxifen treatment in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1842–1847

8. Li

. Do menopausal symptoms in breast cancer patients justify the use of HRT after surgery? Abstract 4th Nottingham Meeting Breast Cancer 1995.

9. Powles

. Hormone replacement after breast cancer. Lancet 1993; 342: 60.

10.

10. Stoll

. Hormone replacement therapy in women treated for breast cancer. Eur J Clin Oncol 1989; 25: 1909–13

11.

11. Wile

. Hormone replacement therapy in previously treated breast cancer patients. Am J Surg 1993; 165: 372–5

12.

12. Bluming

. Hormone replacement therapy in women with previously treated breast cancer (Abstr). proceedings Ann Meeting Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994; 13: A137

13.

13. Eden

. A case controlled study of combined continuous estrogen-progestin prelacment therapy among women with a personal history of breast cancer. Menopause 1995; 2: 67–72.

14.

14. DiSaia

. Estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. Br Cancer. Advances in biology and therapeutics 1996: 347–50. Eds Calvo

John Libbey Eurotext

15.

15. Monitor Population and Health. May 1997. Publications Unit, Office for National Statistics, London.

16.

16. Rosen

. Factors influencing prognosis in node-negative breast carcinoma: analysis for 767 T1N0M0/T2N0M0 patients with long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol 1993; 1: 2090–2100.

17.

17. Beral

Hermon

Reeves

Peto

Sudden fall in breast cancer death rates in England & Wales. Lancet 1995; 345: 1642–3.

18.

18. Stevenson

Crook

Godsland

Collins

Whitehead

. Hormone replacment therapy and the cardiovascular system Drugs 1994; 47: Suppl 2: 35–41.

19.

19. Shewmon

. Tamoxifen decreases lipoprotein(a) in patients with breast cancer. Metabolism. 1994; 43(5): 531–532

20.

20. Grey

. The effect of the anti-oestrogen tamoxifen on cardiovascular risk factors in normal postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1995; 80: 3191–3195

21.

21. Mannucci

. Effect of tamoxifen on measurements of haemostasis in healthy women. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 1806–1810.

22.

22. Schapira

Kumar

Lyman

. Serum cholesterol reduction with tamoxifen. Br Cancer Res Treat. 1990; 17: 3–7

23.

23. Dewar

. Long term effects of tamoxifen on blood lipid values in breast cancer. BMJ 1992; 305: 225–226

24.

24. Cuzick

. Long term effects of tamoxifen. Tamoxifen Working Party. Eur J Cancer. 1993. 29A(1): 15–21

25.

25. Love

. Effects of tamoxifen on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women after 5 years of treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1534–1539.

26.

26. McDonald

Stewart

Scottish Breast Cancer Committee . Fatal myocardial infarction in the Scottish adjuvant tamoxifen trial. BMJ 1991; 303: 435–437.

27.

27. Rutqvist

Mattsson

Cardiac and thromboembolic morbidity among postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer in a randomised trial of tamoxifen. The Stockholm Breast Cancer Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1398–1406.

28.

28. McDonald

Stewart

. Cardiac and vascular morbidity of tamoxifen (Abstr). The Breast 1995; 4: 246

29.

29. Williams

. Tamoxifen inhibits arterial accumulation of LDL degradation products and progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in monkeys. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 1997; 17: 403–408

30.

30. Witzum

. The oxidation theory of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1994; 244: 793–795

31.

31. Wiseman

. Protective actions of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen against oxidative damage to low-density lipoproteins: a mechanism accounting for the cardioprotective action of tamoxifen? Biochem J. 1993; 292: 635–638.

32.

32. Steinburg

Clinical trials of antioxidants in atherosclerosis: are we doing the right thing?

Lancet 1995; 346: 36–38.

33.

33. Bruning

. Tamoxifen, serum lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk. Br J Cancer 1988; 58: 497–499.

34.

34. Dnistrian

. Effect of tamoxifen on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins during chemohormonal therapy. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1993; 223: 43–52.

35.

35. Chang

. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on serum cholesterol in healthy postmenopausal women. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: Supp 23, 33

36.

36. Rickles

Levine

Edwards

. Haemostatic alterations in cancer patients. Cancer and Metastases Reviews. 1992; 11: 237–248

37.

37. Fisher

. A randomised clinical trial evaluating tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with node negative breast cancer who have oestrogen receptor positive tumours. N Engl J Med 1989. 330: 479–484

38.

38. Goodnough

Saito

Manni

Increased incidence of thromboembolism in Stage IV breast cancer patients treated with five-drug chemotherapy regimen: a study of 159 patients. Cancer 1984; 54: 1264–1268.

39.

39. Jordan

Fritz

Tormey

. Long-term adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen: effects on sex hormone binding globulin and antithrombin III. Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 4517–4519

40.

40. Auger

Mackie

. Effects of tamoxifen on blood coagulation. Cancer 1988; 61: 1316–1319

41.

41. Janokowski

. The influence of tamoxifen on plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1993; 26: 155–158

42.

42. Pemberton

Melissari

Kakkar

. The influence of tamoxifen in vivo on the main natural anticoagulants and fibrinolysis. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 1993; 4: 935–942

43.

43. Enck

Rosa

. Tamoxifen treatment of metastatic breast cancer and antithrombin III levels. Cancer. 1984; 53: 2607–2609

44.

44. Love

. The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial revisited. Cancer Epidemiology 1993; 2: 403–407

45.

45. Vandenbroucke

Heimerhorst

. Risk of venous thrombosis with hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1966; 348: 972

46.

46. Rizzoli

Bonjour

. Hormones and bones. Lancet 1997; 349: 120–123

47.

47. Gotfriedson

Christiansen

Palshof

The effect of tamoxifen on bone mineral content in premenopausal women with breast cancer. Cancer 1984; 53: 853–857.

48.

48. Fornander

. Long-term adjuvant tamoxifen in early stage breast cancer: Effect on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1019–1024.

49.

49. Love

. Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. N Eng J Med 1992; 326: 852–856

50.

50. Neal

Evans

Hoskin

. Does long term administration of tamoxifen affect bone density? Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 1971–1973

51.

51. Powles

. Effect of tamoxifen in bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 78–84

52.

52. Yasumura

. The effect of adjuvant therapy with or without tamoxifen on the endocrine function of patients with breast cancer. Japan J Surg 1990; 20. 369

53.

53. Van Leeuwen

. Risk of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer. Lancet 1994; 343: 448–452

54.

54. Fornander

. Adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer: occurrence of new primary cancers. Lancet 1989; 1: 117–120

55.

55. Fisher

. Endometrial cacner in tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients: findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowie Project (NSABP) B-14. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 527–537.

56.

56. Rutqvist

. Adjuvant tamoxifen for early stage breast cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 645–51

57.

57. Stewart

, on behalf of the Scottish Cancer Trials Breast Group. Randomised comparison of 5 years adjuvant tamoxifen with continuous therapy for operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: 297–299.

58.

58. National Cancer Institute: SEER Cancr Statistics Review 1973–1990. Document 93–2789. Bethesda, Maryland: NCI, 1993

59.

59. Cohen

. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium of postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen and progestogens. Gynaecol Oncol 1996; 65: 83–88

60.

60. Makris

. Endometrial abnormalities in the participants of the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen prevention trial. Br J C 1995; 72: Suppl 25, 4

61.

61. Schwartz

. Alterations in steroid hormone receptors in the tamoxifen-treatd endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 176: 129–137

62.

62. Goldstein

. Unusual ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus in patinets receiving tamoxifen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 170: 447–51

63.

63. Bourne

. Evaluating the endometrium of postmenopausal women with transvaginal ultrasonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 6: 75–80

64.

64. Aciron

. Tamoxifen and the uterus. Ultrasound Obstet gynecol 1996; 7: 374–78

65.

65. Achiron

. Changes mimicking endometrial neoplasia on postmenopausal tamoxifen-treated women with breast cancer. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995; 6: 116–120

66.

66. Tepper

. Dopplerflow evaluation of pathologic endometrial conditions in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. I Ultrasound Med 1994; 13: 635–640