The Solvay Lecture: Osteoporosis: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

1. World Health Organization , Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. WHO Technical Report Series 843, Geneva: WHO; 1994

2. Cooper C Campion G Melton LF III . Hip fractures in the elderly. A worldwide projection. Osteoporosis Int 1992; 2: 285–289

3. Melton LF III Ilstrup DM Riggs BL Beckenbaurg RD . Fifty-year trend in hip fracture incidence. Clin Orthop 1982; 162: 144–149

4. Cummings SR Black DM Rubin SM . Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2445–2448

5. Boyce WJ Vessey MP , Rising incidence of fracture of the proximal femur. Lancet 1985; i: 150–151

6. Morrison NA Qi JC Tokita A Kelly PJ Crofts L Nguyen TV Sambrook PN Eisman JA . Prediction of bone density from vitamin D receptor alleles. Nature 1994; 367: 284–287

7. Morrison NA Yeoman R Kelly PJ Eisman JA , Contribution of trans-acting factor alleles to normal physiological variability: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and circulating osteocalcin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 6665–6669

8. Heaney RR Recker RR . Effects of nitrogen phosphorus and caffeine on calcium balance in women. J Lab Clin Med 1982; 99: 46–55

9. Nordin BEC Morris HA . The calcium deficiency model for osteoporosis. Nutr Rev 1989; 47: 65–72

10. Hansen MA Overgaard K Riis BJ Christiansen C. Role of peak bone mass and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 12 year study. Br Med J 1991; 303: 961–964

11. Ensrud KE Palermo L Black DM Cauley JA Jergas M Orwoll ES Nevitt MC Fox KM Cummings SR Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group . Hip bone loss increases with advancing age: Longitudinal results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. Abstract 130, J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: suppl 1, page S 153

12. Kanis JA , Causes of osteoporosis, pp 81–113. In Osteoporosis 1994; Blackwell Science, UK

13. Clinical Indications for Bone mass measurements. A report from the Scientific Advisory Board of the National Osteoporosis Foundation. 1989; 4: 1–28

14. Melton LJ III Atkinson EJ O'Fallon WM Wanner HW Riggs BL . Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: 1227–1233

15. Cummings SR Black DM Nevitt MC Browner W Cauley J Ensrud K Genant HK Palermo L Scott J Vogt TM . Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet 1993; 341: 72–75

16. Hans D Dargent P Schott AM Sebert JL Cormier C Kotski PO Delmas PD Pouilles JM Breart G Meunier PJ . Ultrasound parameters predict hip fractures independently of hip bone density. The ED IPOS prospective study. 17 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, September 1995. Abstract 123

17. Riis BJ Hansen MA Jensen AM Overgaard K Christiansen C. Low bone mass and fast rate of bone loss at menopause: Equal risk factors for future fracture: A 15-year follow-up study. Bone 1966; 19: 9–12

18. Lauritzen JB Petersen MM Lund B. Effect of external hip protectors on hip fractures. Lancet 1993; 341: 11–13

19. Bush TL Barret-Connor E Cowan LD : Cardiovascular mortality and non-contraceptive use of estrogen in women: Results from the lipid research clinics program follow-up study. Circulation 1987; 75: 1102–1109

20. Christiansen C Christiensen MS . Bone mass in postmenopausal women after withdrawal of oestrogen/gestagen replacement therapy. Lancet 1981; i: 459–461

21. Liberman UA Weiss SR Bröll J Minne HW . Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1437–1443

22. Overgaard K Hansen MA Jensen SB Christiansen C. Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose-response study. Br Med J 1992; 305: 556–561

23. Draper MW Flowers DE Huster WJ Neild JA Harper KD Arnaud C. A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HCl: Impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 835–842

24. Riggs BL O'Fallon WM Lane A . Clinical trial of fluoride therapy in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: extended observations and additional analysis. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 265–275

25. Geusens P Dequeker J Verstraeten A . Bone mineral content, critical thickness and fracture rate in osteoporotic women after withdrawal of treatment with nandrolone decanoate, 1–alpha hydroxy vitamin D3 or intermittent calcium infusions. Maturitas 1986; 8: 281–289

26. Tilyard M Spears GFS Thomson J Dovey S. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 357–362

27. Chapuy MC Arlot ME DuBoef F . Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1637–1642

28. Lindsay R Cosman F Nieves J . A controlled clinical trial of the effects of 1–34 hPTH in estrogen treated osteoporotic women. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8(Suppl 1): S130