In this study, we present a case of renal failure in a patient who was on a tenofovir- containing regimen, resulting in extremely high tenofovir exposure and prolonged tenofovir monotherapy. We considered this case report important because exposure to tenofovir monotherapy might have consequences for future discontinuation strategies in cases of renal failure.
References
1.
BuchaczK., BrooksJ.T., TongT.Evaluation of hypophosphataemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-exposed and TDF-unexposed HIV-infected outpatients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.HIV Med2006; 7: 451–456.
2.
IzzedineH., HulotJ.S., VittecoqD.Long-term renal safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Data from a double-blind randomized active-controlled multicentre study.Nephrol Dial Transplant2005; 20: 743–746.
3.
Van RompayK.K., Durand-GasselinL., BrignoloL.L.Chronic administration of tenofovir to rhesus macaques from infancy throughout adulthood and pregnancy: summary of pharmacokinetics, biological and virological effects.Antimicrob Agents Chemother2008; 52: 3144–3160.
4.
KiserJ.J., CartenM.L., AquilanteC.L.The effect of lopinavir/ritonavir on the renal clearance of tenofovir in HIV-infected patients.Clin Pharmacol Ther2008; 83: 265–272.
5.
NgL.E., HalliwellB., WongK. P.. Nephrotoxic cell death by diclofenac and meloxicam.Biochem Biophys Res Commun2008; 369: 873–877.
DenissenJ.F., GrabowskiB.A., JohnsonM.K.Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir (ABT-538) in rats, dogs, and humans.Drug Metab Dispos1997; 25: 489–501.
8.
HealdA.E., HsyuP.H., YuenG.J., RobinsonP., MydlowP., BartlettJ.A.Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with renal dysfunction.Antimicrob Agents Chemother1996; 40: 1514–1519.
9.
KearneyB.P., YaleK., ShahJ., ZhongL., FlahertyJ.F.Pharmacokinetics and dosing recommendations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in hepatic or renal impairment.Clin Pharmacokinet2006; 45: 1115–1124.
10.
KumarG.N., JayantiV.K., JohnsonM.K.Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor lopinavir (ABT-378) given in combination with ritonavir in rats, dogs, and humans.Pharm Res2004; 21: 1622–1630.
11.
ter HeineR., Alderden-LosC.G., RosingH.Fast and simultaneous determination of darunavir and eleven other antiretroviral drugs for therapeutic drug monitoring: method development and validation for the determination of all currently approved HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human plasma by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom2007; 21: 2505–2514.
12.
MistriH.N., JangidA.G., PudageA., GomesN., SanyalM., ShrivastavP.High throughput LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of lamivudine, stavudine and nevirapine in human plasma.J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci2007; 853: 320–332.
13.
VeltkampS.A., HillebrandM.J., RosingH.Quantitative analysis of gemcitabine triphosphate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.J Mass Spectrom2006; 41: 1633–1642.
14.
DrosteJ.A., Verweij-van WissenC.P., KearneyB.P.Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers.Antimicrob Agents Chaemother2005; 49: 680–684.
15.
CrommentuynK.M., MulderJ.W., MairuhuA.T.The plasma and intracellular steady-state pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients.Antivir Ther2004; 9: 779–785.
16.
YuenG.J., LouY., BumgarnerN.F.Equivalent steady-state pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in plasma and lamivudine triphosphate within cells following administration of lamivudine at 300 milligrams once daily and 150 milligrams twice daily.Antimicrob Agents Chemother2004; 48: 176–182.