This report summarizes research advances that further our understanding of the evolution, mechanisms and clinical impact of HIV drug resistance presented at the XIVth International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop held in Quebec City, Canada from June 7–11, 2005. The topics that were discussed included the clinical implications of resistance in mother-to-child transmission, breakthroughs in technologies for studying resistance, resistance to new antiretroviral agents, mechanisms of HIV drug resistance, epidemiological trends, and HIV fitness and pathogenesis.
References
1.
GuayL.A., MusokeP., FlemingT.Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial.Lancet1999; 354: 795–802.
2.
MarseilleE., KahnJ.G., MmiroF.The cost effectiveness of a single-dose nevirapine regimen to mother and infant to reduce vertical HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.Ann N Y Acad Sci2000; 918: 53–56.
3.
EshlemanS.H., & JacksonJ.B.Nevirapine resistance after single dose prophylaxis.AIDS Rev2002; 4: 59–63.
4.
PalmerS., BoltzV., MaldarelliF.Short-course combivir (CBV) single dose nevirapine reduces but does not eliminate the selection of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1: improved detection by allele-specific PCR.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S5.
5.
JohnsonJ.A., LiJ-F, MorrisL.Resistance mutations arise in the majority of women provided single-dose NVP and appear to differ in emergence and persistence.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S13.
6.
TroyerR., LalondeM., KyeyuneF.High frequency of nevirapine resistant mutations in the HIV quasi species found in NVP-treated participants of an MTCT Ugandan cohortAntivir Ther2005; 10: S14.
7.
LoubserS., BalfeP., ShermanG., HammerS., KuhnL., MorrisL.Increased sensitivity of detection of K103N resistance variants by real-time PCR in RNA and DNA after single-dose nevirapine.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S15.
8.
LehmanD.A., ChungM.H., RichardsonB.A., John-StewartG.C., OverbaughJ. Patterns of viral load and drug resistance in breast milk and blood from women treated with single dose nevirapine to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1Antivir Ther2005; 10: S6.
9.
JourdainG., Ngo-Giang-HuongN., Le CoeurS.Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine and subsequent maternal responses to nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy.N Engl J Med2004; 351: 229–240.
10.
EshlemanS.H., HooverD.R., HudelsonS.E.Resistance after single dose nevirapine prophylaxis varies by viral subtype in infants from sub-Saharan Africa.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S12.
11.
HirschM.S., Brun-VézinetF., ClotetB.Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: 2003 recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel.Clin Infect Dis2003, 37: 113–128.
12.
GroverD., AllenL., EdwardsS.G.Predictors of death, and response to therapy in patients with multi (three)-class drug resistant (MDR) HIV in the UK.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S7.
CoakleyE.P., ChappeyC., MaaJ.F.Determination of phenotypic clinical cutoffs for atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir from AI424-043 and AI424-045.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S8.
15.
VoraS., MarcelinA-G, GünthardH.Clinical validation of atazanavir/ritonavir genotypicresistance score in PI-experienced patientsAntivir Ther2005; 10: S9.
16.
StrubleK., NaegerL.K.FDA analysis of the effect of baseline protease genotype on virological response to ATV/RTV vs LPV/RTV in the treatment-experienced subjects in study AI424045Antivir Ther2005; 10: S31.
ValdezH., HallD.B., KohlbrennerV.M.Non-response to tipranavir is associated with pretreatment resistance characterized by tipranavir phenotype or genotypic tipranavir score.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S29.
19.
PellegrinI., CoureauG., NeauD.Impact of baseline protease drug mutations on virological response to fosamprenavir/ritonavirbased regimens in antiretroviral-experienced patients (Zephir study).Antivir Ther2005; 10: S33.
20.
AnanworanichJ., SirivichayakulS., UbolyamS.Different incidence of protease resistance in patients failing treatment on an initial ritonavir boosted saquinavir (saquinavir/r) regimen versus those with prior exposure to dual-nucleosides and unboosted saquinavir.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S35.
21.
FeldtT., OetteM., KroidlA.Atazanavir for treatment of HIV infection in clinical routine: efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety.Eur J Med Res2005; 10: 7–10.
22.
ColonnoR.J., ThiryA., LimoliK., ParkinN.Activities of atazanavir (BMS-232632) against a large panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clinical isolates resistant to one or more approved protease inhibitors.Antimicrob Agents Chemother2003; 47: 1324–1333.
23.
ValdezH., HallD.B., KohlbrennerV.M.Non-response to tipranavir is associated with pretreatment resistance characterized by tipranavir phenotype or genotypic tipranavir score.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S29.
BlancoJ.L., BigliaA., ArnedoM.Relation between the antiretroviral activity of didanosine (ddI) and the number of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations: dINAM study.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S26.
26.
MarcelinA.G., FlandreP., PavieJ.Influence of new reverse transcriptase mutations on virological response to didanosine in the didanosine add on Jaguar study.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S25.
27.
PellegrinI., CoureauG., NeauD.Impact of baseline protease drug mutations on virological response to fosamprenavir/ritonavirbased regimens in antiretroviral-experienced patients (Zephir study).Antivir Ther2005; 10: S33.
28.
Di GiambenedettoS., ColafigliM., PinnettiC.HIV drug resistance predictors of clinical disease progression in patients undergoing resistance testing in clinical practice.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S34.
29.
CostagliolaD., Cozzi-LepriA., DalbanC., ChengB. on behalf of the Standardization, and Clinical Relevance of HIV Drug Resistance Testing Project from the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research. Initiatives for developing and comparing genotype interpretation systems Step 1: External validation of existing rules-based algorithm for abacavir and DDI evaluated on virological response.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S11.
30.
SurlerauxD.L., TahriA., VerschuerenW.G.Discovery and selection of TMC114, a next generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor.J Med Chem2005; 48: 1813–1822.
31.
DescampsD., DelarueS., Ait-KhaledM., CraigC., CollinG., Brun-VézinetF.Rare selection of K65R mutation in naive patients failing a first-line abacavir/lamivudine HAART containing regimen.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S17.
32.
MarcelinA.G., FlandreP., PavieJ.Influence of new reverse transcriptase mutations on virological response to didanosine in the didanosine add on Jaguar study.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S25.
33.
BlancoJ.L., BigliaA., ArnedoM.Relation between the antiretroviral activity of didanosine (ddI) and the number of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations: dINAM study.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S26.
34.
GatellJ.M., LeónA., BlancoJ.L.Patterns of resistance mutations in patients failing on a didanosine (ddI) and tenofovir (TNF) containing regimens.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S20.
35.
MasquelierB., NeauD., BoucherS.Twenty-four-week efficacy and resistance profile of a zidovudine/lamivudine/ tenofovir DF combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S22.
36.
BarriosA., DomingoP., LabargaP.Rate of virological failure and resistance mutations in antiretroviral-experienced patients shift to a QD simplification regimen with didanosine, tenofovir and efavirenz (EFADITE Trial) L Valer.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S23.
37.
AmielC., Marechal Da SilvaE., SchneiderV., ThevenetS., ClavelF., RozenbaumW.Genotypic resistance in patients with persistently detectable low-level viraemia treated with triple nucleoside antiretroviral therapy.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S21.
38.
NevinsA.B., RheeS.Y., FesselW.J.Virological response to antiretroviral therapy in the setting of the K65R mutation.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S18.
39.
WirdenM., MarcelinA.G., SimonA.Resistance mutations before and after tenofovir regimen failure in HIV-1 infected patients.J Med Virol2005; 76: 297–301.
40.
StaszewskiS., DauerB., MuellerA., RottmannC., LennemannT., StuermerM.Intensification of a failing regimen with AZT may cause sustained virological suppression in the presence of the K65R mutation.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S19.
41.
Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection convened by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHSS). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. April 7, 2005. Available at: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/adult/AA_040705.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2005.
42.
RecskyM.A., BrummeZ.L., ChanK.J.Antiretroviral resistance among HIV-infected persons who have died in British Columbia, in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy.J Infect Dis2004; 190: 285–292.
43.
Di GiambenedettoS., ColafigliM., PinnettiC.HIV drug resistance predictors of clinical disease progression in patients undergoing resistance testing in clinical practice.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S34.
44.
TossonianH., RaffaJ., RashidiB.Development of resistance in injection drug users (IDUs) receiving HAART within a directly observed therapy (DOT) program.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S38.
45.
MoserM.J., BeatyE.L., RuckstuhlM., KozlowskiM., SchinaziR.F., PrudentJ.R.A promising method for mixed population genotyping of drug-resistant HIV-1.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S43.
46.
SvarovskaiaE.S., MoserM.J., PrudentJ.R., MillerM.D., Borroto-EsodaK.Evaluation of MultiCode-RT® real-time PCR system for detection of subpopulations of K65R and M184V HIV-1 mutant viruses.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S44.
47.
AtchisonR.E., LieglerT.J., JavierJ.Early and isolated reversion of transmitted RT K65R in a multi-drug resistant infection detected using a novel quantitative allele-specific PCR.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S45.
48.
BeckI.A., CrowellC., KittoeR.Optimization of the oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA), a rapid and inexpensive test for detection of HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations, for non-B subtypes.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S46.
49.
García-LermaJ.G., McNultyA., JenningsC.Evaluation of dried blood spots for HIV-1 drug resistance testing.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S49.
50.
LloydR.M.Jr., BurnsD.A., HuongJ.T.Comparison of whole blood, plasma, and PBMC HIV-1 resistance genotyping and matched dried samples using SampleTanker™ a novel dried transportation matrix.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S50.
51.
VerlindenY., VermeirenH., LecocqP.Assessment of the antivirogram® performance over time including a revised definition of biological test cut-off values.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S51.
52.
CabreraC., MarfilS., PovedaE.Comparative evaluation of the TRUGENE HIV-1 envelope (gp41) genotyping assay on clinical samples.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S48.
53.
YuB., AfoninaE.I., HarriganP.R.Enzyme-based assay for TDM of HIV protease inhibitors.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S53.
SimonsJ.F., EgholmM., LanzaJ.Ultra-deep sequencing of HIV from drug resistant patients.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S157.
56.
SchinaziR.F., AsifG., DetorioM.1-(β-D-Dioxolane)thymine (DOT) is a TK-dependent orally bioavailable nucleoside with specific activity against HIV-1 resistant variants.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S65.
57.
GhosnJ., QuinsonA-M, KatlamaC.A placebo-controlled trial of the addition of the NRTI alovudine (at doses of 2 mg or less per day) to HAART in highly treatment-experienced patients with detectable viral loads (VL).Antivir Ther2005; 10: S80.
58.
StrizkiJ.M., WojcikL., MarozsanA.J.Properties of in vitro generated HIV-1 variants resistant to the CCR5 antagonists SCH 351125 and SCH 417690.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S66.
59.
MosierD.E., RamosA., NedellecR., OffordR., HartleyO.Differential impacts of V1-V2 and V3 mutations on resistance to a CCR5 inhibitor.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S67.
LobritzM., MarozsanA., MooreD., FraundorfE., DemersK., ArtsE.Natural mutations in the HIV-1 V3 loop confer altered sensitivity to entry inhibitors and correlate to co-receptor avidity and fitness.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S69.
62.
WestbyM., MoriJ., Smith-BurchnellC.Maraviroc (UK-427,857)-resistant HIV-1 variants, selected by serial passage, are sensitive to CCR5 antagonists and T-20.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S72.
63.
LaBrancheC.C., DavisonD., FerrisR.G.Studies with 873140, a novel CCR5 antagonist, demonstrate synergy with enfuvirtide and potent inhibition of enfuvirtide-resistant R5-tropic HIV-1.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S73.
64.
LapidotA., BorkowG.Multi-targeting HIV-1 entry by aminoglycosidearginine conjugates (AACs) and the mechanisms of HIV-1 AACs resistance.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S77.
65.
ChenH., RojoD., von LindernJ., LiburdN., FergusonM.R., O'BrienW.A.Mechanism of cellular resistance to anti-CD63 inhibition of HIV infection.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S78.
66.
MelbyT., DeMasiR., MirallesG.D., Heilek-SnyderG., GreenbergM.L.Evolution of enfuvirtide resistance in longitudinal samples obtained after continued enfuvirtide dosing post-virological failure.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S74.
67.
Stanfield-OakleyS.A., MosierS.M., DavisonD.K.Impact of mutations in HR2 of HIV-1 env gp41 on susceptibility to enfuvirtide.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S75.
68.
MelbyT., ZhangY., CammackN., GreenbergM.L., MirallesM.L.Genotypical and phenotypical evolution of virus envelope through 48 weeks of T-1249 treatment in the T1249–105 study.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S76.
69.
BonneauP.R., RobinsonP.A., LieY., ParkinN., van LeeuwenR., BethellR.Antiviral profile of BILR 355 BS against a large panel of clinical isolates with mutations conferring resistance to currently available non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI).Antivir Ther2005; 10: S81.
70.
HazudaD.J. and the MRL HIV-1 Drug Discovery Team. Context dependent effects of mutations associated with resistance to inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S82.
71.
JegedeO., WeberJ., RajagopalanR., WawroW.J.Sr, BabuJ.S., Quiñones-MateuM.E.Divalent metal ion chelating small molecules as novel HIV integrase inhibitors.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S83.
72.
MuzammilS., KangL.W., ArmstrongA.A.Unique response of tipranavir to multi-drug resistant HIV-1 proteases suggests new ways of combating drug resistance.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S70.
73.
DierynckI., KeuleersI.M., De WitM.Kinetic characterization of the potent activity of TMC114 on wild-type HIV-1 protease.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S71.
74.
WuJ.J., SévignyG., StranixB.R.PL-100 and its derivatives, a novel class of potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors: resistance profile and pharmacokinetics.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S84.
75.
Prabu-JeyabalanM., KingN., NalivaikaE., Heilek-SnyderG., CammackN., SchifferC.Implications of substrate shape on inhibitor binding and drug resistance: the crystal structure of RO1 in complex with HIV-1 protease.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S85.
76.
PastoreC., RamosA., MosierD.E.Intrinsic obstacles to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor switching.J Virol2004; 78: 7565–7574.
77.
DelobelP., Sandres-SauneK., CazabatM.R5 to X4 switch of the predominant HIV-1 population in cellular reservoirs during effective highly active antiretroviral therapy.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.2005; 38: 382–392.
78.
ReevesJ.D., LeeF.H., MiamidianJ.L.Enfuvirtide resistance mutations: impact on human immunodeficiency virus envelope function, entry inhibitor sensitivity, and virus neutralization.J Virol2005; 79: 4991–4999.
79.
von LindernJ.J., RojoD., Grovit-FerbasK.Potential role for CD63 in CCR5-mediated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of macrophages.J Virol2003; 77: 3624–3633.
80.
NikolenkoG.N., PalmerS., MaldarelliF., MellorsJ.W., CoffinJ.M., PathakV.K.Mechanism for nucleoside analog-mediated abrogation of HIV-1 replication: balance between RNase H activity and nucleotide excision.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2005; 102: 2093–2098.
81.
NikolenkoG.N., FrankenberryK.A., PalmerS.RNase H domains obtained from treatmentexperienced patients increase resistance to AZT.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S89.
82.
NikolenkoG.N., SvarovskaiaE.S., DelviksK.A., PathakV.K.Antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase increase template-switching frequency.J Virol2004; 78: 8761–8770.
83.
MarcelinA.G., RoquebertB., MaletI.Relationship between mutations in HIV-1 RNase H domain and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance mutations in experienced patients.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S98.
84.
HangJ.Q., YangY., LiY.Substrate dependent inhibition or activation of HIV RNase H activity by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).Antivir Ther2005; 10: S97.
85.
MillerM.D., FeustonB., MunshiV.An HIV-1 RNase H inhibitor synergizes with three different classes of RT polymerase inhibitors in an in vitro reverse transcription assay.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S90.
86.
BudihasS.R., GorshkovaI., GaidamakovS.Selective inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated ribonuclease H activity by hydroxylated tropolones.Nucleic Acids Res2005; 33: 1249–1256.
87.
TramontanoE., EspositoF., BadasR., Di SantoR., CostiR., La CollaP.6-[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)]-2,4-dioxo-5-hexenoic acid ethyl ester a novel diketo acid derivative which selectively inhibits the HIV-1 viral replication in cell culture and the ribonuclease H activity in vitro.Antiviral Res2005; 65: 117–124.
88.
RossL., GerondelisP., LiaoQ.Selection of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutation K70E in antiretroviral-naive subjects treated with tenfovir/abacavir/lamivudine therapy.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S102.
89.
KaganR., RossL., WintersM., MeriganT., HeseltineP., LewinskiM.Adefovir-associated HIV-1 RT mutation K70E in the age of tenofovir.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S103.
90.
GerettiA.M., SabinC., DunnD., NebbiaG., on behalf of the UK Collaborative Group on HIV Drug Resistance, and the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) Study Group. Mutations at reverse transcriptase (RT) codons G196, Q207, H208, R21 and L214 are associated with drug experience and specific RT mutation patterns.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S104.
91.
Ceccherini-SilbersteinF., SvicherV., SingT.Involvement of novel HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutations in the highly ordered regulation of NRTI resistance.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S106.
92.
HenryM., TourresC., ColsonP., TamaletC.The coexistence of K65R+L74V on the same HIV genome is rare but possible as evidenced by cloning analysis.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S107.
93.
MathiesenS., DamE., RogeB., LaursenA.L., GerstoftJ., ClavelF.Long-term foscarnet therapy remodels thymidine analogue mutations and reverses resistance to zidovudine.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S108.
94.
MargotN.A., WatersJ., MillerM.D.In vitro resistance selection with tenofovir and emtricitabine.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S101.
95.
ChappeyC., CoakleyE., LimoliK., WhitcombJ., ParkinN.Differences in enhanced susceptibilities to NNRTIs and to zidovudine (ZDV) in site directed mutants (SDMs) bearing K65R, L74V or M184VAntivir Ther2005; 10: S105.
96.
GuptaS., FransenS., PaxinosE.E.Susceptibility measurements using resistance test vectors with or without patient-derived C-terminus of RT, RNAseH and integrase are largely concordant.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S91.
97.
JochmansD., Van SchoubroeckB., IvensT., DehertoghP., KesteleynB., HertogsK.ATP enhances the inhibitory effect of NcRTIs (Nucleotide-competing RT inhibitors).Antivir Ther2005; 10: S93.
98.
DevalJ., JochmansD., HertogsK., GötteM.Mechanistic differences between novel nucleotidecompeting reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NcRTIs) and classical chain-terminators.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S94.
99.
ParikhU., Sluis-CremerN., MellorsJ.Kinetic mechanism by which thymidine analog mutations antagonize K65R in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S95.
100.
MillerV. International perspectives on antiretroviral resistance. Resistance to protease inhibitors.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2001; 26 Suppl 1: S34–S50.
101.
MyintL., MatsudaM., MatsudaZ.Gag non-cleavage site mutations contribute to full recovery of viral fitness in protease inhibitor-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1.Antimicrob Agents Chemother2004; 48: 444–452.
102.
UedaT., MyintL., ShiinoT., NishizawaM., MatsudaM., SugiuraW.Analysis of interference and co-evolution between protease inhibitor resistant mutations and gag mutations.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S116.
103.
ParkinN., ChappeyC., LamE., PetropoulosC.Reduced susceptibility to protease inhibitors (PI) in the absence of primary PI resistance-associated mutations.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S118.
104.
NijhuisM., van MaarseveenN., SchipperP.Novel HIV gag based protease drug resistance mechanism caused by an increased processing of the NC/p1 cleavage site.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S117.
105.
WintersM.A., RheeS.Y., HorbergM.N88D facilitates the development of multidrug resistance following nelfinvair treatment failure.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S110.
106.
KolliM., SomasundaranM., Prabu-JeyabalanM., LastereS., SchifferC.A.Structural and functional insights into the nelfinavir-resistant HIV-1 protease.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S109.
107.
PikettyC., ChazallonC., Lebel-BinayS.Evolution of protease genotypes and phenotypes in patients receiving atazanavir-based salvage therapy.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S111.
108.
JayaramanG.C., SandstromP., ArchibaldC.P. for the Canadian HIV Strain, and Drug Resistance Surveillance Program. Prevalence and determinants of HIV-1 variants with multiple class drug resistance: results from the Canadian HIV strain and drug resistance surveillance program.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S136.
109.
Martinez-PicadoJ., GutiérrezC., de MendozaC.Surveillance of drug resistance and HIV subtypes in newly diagnosed patients in Spain during 2004.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S137.
110.
LamaJ.R., SuarezL., LagunaA.A model program linking HIV resistance surveillance and sentinel HIV serosurveillance in Peru.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S138.
111.
ChaixM.L., DesquilbetL., CottalordaJ.Sub-optimal response to HAART in patients treated at time of primary HIV-1 infection and infected with HIV resistant strains.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S127.
112.
GerettiA.M., BoothC., LabbettW.A., MurphyG., JohnsonM.Risk group predicts the prevalence of primary resistance amongst newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients presenting with established infection according to the STARHS algorithm.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S131.
113.
RoutyJ-P, de B EdwardesM.D., RouleauD.Influence of patient characteristics, year of infection, CD4 cell count and viral load on the presence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance in recently infected patients.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S133.
114.
MetznerK.J., RauchP., WalterH.Detection of minor populations of drug-resistant HIV-1 in acute seroconverters.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S123.
115.
JohnsonJ.A., LiJ-F, BrantA.Multi-drug resistant HIV-1 are transmitted more frequently than current estimates.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S124.
116.
van de VijverDAMC, WensingA.M.J., ÅsjöB.. Selective transmission of drug resistance mutationsAntivir Ther2005; 10: S126.
117.
LohseN., ObelN., KronborgG., JørgensenL.B., GerstoftJ.Evolution in the population at risk of transmitting resistant HIV during the period 1995–2003.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S134.
118.
MarkowitzM., BodenD.Multidrug-resistant, dual-tropic HIV- and rapid progression.Lancet2005; 365: 1924.
119.
Chin-HongP.V., DeeksS.G., LieglerT.Methamphetamine use is associated with ongoing high-risk sexual behaviours among HIV-infected individuals with drug-resistant virus.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S130.
120.
KozalM., AmicoR., ChiarellaJ.HIV sexual transmission risk behaviour and multidrug resistant (MDR) HIV.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S140.
121.
ChaixM.L., TamaletC., GhosnJ.Virological and immunological evolution of patients who acquired a multidrug resistant (MDR) virus at time of primary infection.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S135.
122.
ChaixM.L., DesquilbetL., CottalordaJ.Sub-optimal response to HAART in patients treated at time of primary HIV-1 infection and infected with HIV resistant strains.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S127.
123.
YeniP.G., HammerS.M., HirschM.S.Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2004 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel.JAMA2004; 292: 251–265.
124.
BrennerB.G., RogerM., MoisiD.Transmission events within risk groups following primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) in Quebec (1998–2005).Antivir Ther2005; 10: S125.
125.
HarriganP.R., BrummeC., SatthaB.The relationship between resistance and adherence and the accumulation of mutations in drug naive individuals starting HAART is specific to individual drug classes.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S139.
126.
van de VijverDAMC, WensingA.M.J., AngaranoG.Differences in the frequency of minor substitutions between HIV-1 subtypes and their potential impact on the genetic barrier for resistance to protease inhibitors.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S145.
127.
VandammeA-M, DeforcheK., Van LaethemK., CamachoR.HIV-1 subtype A, C, F and G strains have a higher tipranavir mutation score than subtype B strains.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S152.
128.
FleuryH.J., ToniT.A., LanN.T.H.Susceptibility to ARVs of CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG and subtype C viruses from naive patients: comparative genotypical and phenotypical data.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S148.
129.
KantorR., DeLongA., ShaferR.W.Selection of resistance following first-line antiretroviral regimens among HIV-1 subtypes.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S146.
130.
Doualla-BellF., AvalosA., GaolatheT.Frequency and patterns of specific PR mutations in Batswana subtype C patients who failed a nelfinavir- containing HAART regimen.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S150.
131.
GiffordR., PillayD., on behalf of theU.K. Collaborative Group on HIV-1 Drug Resistance. Utilisation of HIV-1 subtype specific consensus sequences to explore treatment related mutational patterns within and between subtypes.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S153.
132.
CamachoR., GodinhoA.R., GomesP.Different substitutions under drug pressure at protease codon 82 in HIV-1 subtype G compared to subtype B infected individuals including a novel I82M resistance mutation.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S151.
133.
DeforcheK., CamachoR., GrossmanZ.Mapping nevirapine and efavirenz resistance using Bayesian networks of HIV-1 pol sequences of subtypes A, B, C, F and G.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S132.
134.
CheungP., WoodsC., HarriganP.R.Systematic comparison of prevalence of mutation in large database reveals rarely selected mutational pairs.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S142.
135.
DunnD.T. on behalf of U.K. Collaborative Group on HIV Drug Resistance. Patterns of thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) in samples sent for routine HIV drug resistance testing.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S143.
136.
Perez-BercoffD., WurtzerS., ClavelF.HIV drug resistance and replicative capacity in primary human macrophages.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S159.
137.
van MaarseveenN.M., WensingA.M.J., de JongD., TaconisM., BoucherC.A.B., NijhuisM.Reversion of drug resistant HIV protease mutants is prohibited by a reduction in replication capacity of the intermediate variants.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S161.
138.
ChinM.P.S., RhodesT.D., ChenJ., FuW., and HuW-S. Identification of a major restriction in HIV-1 intersubtype recombination.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S164.
139.
HendersonG.J., ParkinN., SwanstromR.A systematic analysis of the fitness effects of mutations associated with resistance to protease inhibitors.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S165.
140.
BarnasD., BazmiH., BixbyC.Genotypic and phenotypic explanation for failure of triple NRTI therapy with lamivudine, didanosine and tenofovir.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S167.
141.
DamE., LastèreS., DescampsD.Contribution of gag-protease and RT in fitness changes observed in viruses with multiple resistance.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S168.
142.
CongM., BennettD.E., HeneineW., García- LermaJ.G.Fitness cost of drug resistance mutations is relative and is modulated by other resistance mutations: implications for persistance of transmitted resistance.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S169.
143.
AmbroseZ., WiegandA., KimataJ.NNRTI-resistance detected in RT-SHIV-infected macaques treated with single dose nevirapine.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S172.
144.
LastereS., PerrinV., DamE., Brun-VezinetF., MammanoF.. Replicative capacity and drug susceptibility of viral clones carrying duplication of the PTAPP motif in wild-type and drug-resistant PR-RT contexts.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S174.
145.
HuZ.X., HatanoH., WildM., KalayjianR., GripshoverB., KuritzkesD.R.Relative fitness and infectivity of a clinical HIV-1 isolate with a deletion of codon 70 in reverse transcriptase.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S178.
146.
KochS., O'BrienP., RoseS.Novel determinants in HIV-1 gag regulate protease activity and viral fitness in a drug resistant variant.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S179.
147.
BatesM., ParkinN., RichmanD., LittleS., RossL., ChappeyC.Gag mutations identified in wild-type HIV-1 that impact viral replication capacity (RC) may represent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S180.
148.
KearneyM., PalmerS., MaldarelliF.Frequent polymorphisms at protease and RT sites associated with drug resistance are detected in treatment naive patients by single genome sequencing.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S158.
149.
HuangW., MaroldoL., FransenS.Emerging populations of enfuvirtide resistant HIV-1 contain multiple variants that compete for dominance.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S166.
150.
TomaJ., WrinT., ChappeyC.Susceptibility to inhibitors of CD4-env binding correlates with membrane fusion: implications for HIV-1 entry.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S160.
151.
LehrmanG., HogueI.B., PalmerS.Rapid depletion of latent HIV infection in vivo.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S163.
152.
LehrmanG., HogueI.B., PalmerS.Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study.Lancet2005; 366: 549–555.
153.
BennettD.E., WintersM.A., ShaferR.W.Concordance of HIV drug resistance genotyping results for paired PBMC and plasma specimens from persons newly diagnosed with HIV.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S176.
154.
HossainM.M., ParniakM.A.In vitro microbicide activity of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) UC781 against NNRTI-resistant HIV-1.Antivir Ther2005; 10: S170.
