Human papillomaviruses types 6 or 11 are aetiological agents of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, a disease characterized by benign exophytic tumours usually on the vocal cords. Surgery debulks the tumours, but these growths generally recur at regular intervals. Adjunct medical treatments, aimed at containing the virus and growth of tumours, include indole-3-carbinol or its dimer diindolylmethane, interferon, photodynamic therapy and others. Preventive and therapeutic vaccines hold promise for eliminating the virus.
References
1.
GissmannL., DiehlV., Schultz-CoulonH.J., & zur HausenH.Molecular cloning and characterization of human papilloma virus DNA derived from a laryngeal papilloma. Journal of Virology1982; 44: 393–400.
2.
MountsP., ShahK.V., & KashimaH.Viral etiology of juvenile- and adult-onset squamous papilloma of the larynx. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA1982; 79: 5425–5429.
3.
GissmannL., WolnikL., IkenbergH., KoldovskyU., SchnurchH.G., & zur HausenH.Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 DNA sequences in genital and laryngeal papillomas and in some cervical cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA1983; 80: 560–563.
4.
KreiderJ.W., HowettM.K., LillN.L., BartlettG.L., ZainoR.J., SedlacekT.V., & MortelR.In vivo transformation of human skin with human papillomavirus type 11 from condylomata acuminata. Journal of Virology1986; 59: 369–376.
5.
KreiderJ.W., HowettM.K., StolerM.H., ZainoR.J., & WelshP.Susceptibility of various human tissues to transformation in vivo with human papillomavirus type 11. International Journal of Cancer1987; 39: 459–465.
6.
ArndtO., JohannesA., ZeiseK., & BrockJ.High-risk HPV types in oral and laryngeal papilloma and leukoplakia. Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie1997; 76: 142–149.
7.
SteinbergB.M., ToppW.C., SchneiderP.S., & AbramsonA.L.Laryngeal papillomavirus infection during clinical remission. New England Journal of Medicine1983; 308: 1261–1264.
8.
BaumanN.M., & SmithR.J.Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Pediatric Clinics of North America1996; 43: 1385–1401.
9.
KashimaH.K., MountsP., & ShahK.Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America1996; 23: 699–706.
ArmstrongL.R., & DerkayC.S.Reeves WC. Initial results from the national registry for juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. RRP Task Force. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery1999; 125: 743–748.
12.
LindebergH., & ElbrondO.Laryngeal papillomas: the epidemiology in a Danish subpopulation 1965–1984. Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences1990; 15: 125–131.
13.
KashimaH.K., ShahF., LylesA., GlackinR., MuhammadN., TurnerL., Van ZandtS., WhittS., & ShahK.A comparison of risk factors in juvenile-onset and adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Laryngoscope1992; 102: 9–13.
BrandsmaJ.L., & AbramsonA.L.Association of papillomavirus with cancers of the head and neck. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery1989; 115: 621–625.
16.
KashimaH., MountsP., LeventhalB., & HrubanR.H.Sites of predilection in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology1993; 102: 580–583.
HartleyC., HamiltonJ., BirzgalisA.R., & FarringtonW.T.Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis – the Manchester experience, 1974–1992. Journal of Laryngology & Otology1994; 108: 226–229.
21.
ZhangN., & JiaS.Malignant changes in laryngeal papilloma with 13 case reports. Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology1997; 11: 54–55.
22.
HelmrichG., StubbsT.M., & StoerkerJ.Fatal maternal laryngeal papillomatosis in pregnancy: a case report. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology1992; 166: 524–525.
23.
SimpsonG.T.II, & StrongM.S.Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: the role of the carbon dioxide laser. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America1983; 16: 887–894.
KashimaH.K., KessisT., MountsP., & ShahK.Polymerase chain reaction identification of human papillomavirus DNA in CO2 laser plume from recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery1991; 104: 191–195.
26.
PontenJ., & GuoZ.Precancer of the human cervix. Cancer Surveys1998; 32: 201–229.
27.
CoxJ.T.Epidemiology of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: the role of human papillomavirus. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology1995; 9: 1–37.
28.
SteinbergB.M., & AbramsonA.L.Laryngeal papillomas. Clinics in Dermatology1985; 3: 30–38.
29.
EssmanE.J., & AbramsonA.Estrogen binding sites on membranes from human laryngeal papilloma. International Journal of Cancer1984; 33: 33–36.
30.
NewfieldL., GoldsmithA., BradlowH.L., & AubornK.Estrogen metabolism and human papillomavirus-induced tumors of the larynx: chemo-prophylaxis with indole-3-carbinol. Anticancer Research1993; 13: 337–341.
31.
AubornK.J., WoodworthC., DiPaoloJ.A., & BradlowH.L.The interaction between HPV infection and estrogen metabolism in cervical carcinogenesis. International Journal of Cancer1991; 49: 867–869.
32.
YuanF., ChenD.Z., LiuK., SepkovicD.W., BradlowH.L., & AubornK.Anti-estrogenic activities of indole-3-carbinol in cervical cells: implication for prevention of cervical cancer. Anticancer Research1999; 19: 1673–1680.
33.
ConneyA.H.Is 2-methoxyestradiol an endogenous estrogen metabolite that inhibits mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Research1998; 58: 2269–2277.
34.
CollD.A., RosenC.A., AubornK., PotsicW.P., & BradlowH.L.Treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis with indole-3-carbinol. American Journal of Otolaryngology1997; 18: 283–285.
35.
AubornK., AbramsonA., BradlowH.L., SepkovicD., & MulloolyV.Estrogen metabolism and laryngeal papillomatosis: a pilot study on dietary prevention. Anticancer Research1998; 18: 4569–4573.
36.
RosenC.A., WoodsonG.E., ThompsonJ.W., HengestegA.P., & BradlowH.L.Preliminary results of the use of indole-3-carbinol for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery1998; 118: 810–815.
37.
CoverC.M., HsiehS.J., TranS.H., HalldenG., KimG.S., BjeldanesL.F., & FirestoneG.L.Indole-3-carbinol inhibits the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase-6 and induces a G1 cell cycle arrest of human breast cancer cells independent of estrogen receptor signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry1998; 273: 3838–3847.
38.
GeX., FaresF.A., & YannaiS.Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by indol-3-carbinol is independent of p53 and bax. Anticancer Research1999; 19: 3199–3203.
39.
ThomasM., MatlashewskiG., PimD., & BanksL.Induction of apoptosis by p53 is independent of its oligomeric state and can be abolished by HPV-18 E6 through ubiquitin mediated degradation. Oncogene1996; 13: 265–273.
40.
ShertzerH.G., BergerM.L., & TaborM.W.Intervention in free radical mediated hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation by indole-3-carbinol. Biochemical Pharmacology1988; 37: 333–338.
41.
ArnaoM.B., Sanchez-BravoJ., & AcostaM.Indole-3-carbinol as a scavenger of free radicals. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International1996; 39: 1125–1134.
42.
MansonM.M., BallH.W., BarrettM.C., ClarkH.L., JudahD.J., WilliamsonG., & NealG.E.Mechanism of action of dietary chemoprotective agents in rat liver: induction of phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes and aflatoxin B1 metabolism. Carcinogenesis1997; 18: 1729–1738.
43.
SafeS.H.Environmental and dietary estrogens and human health: is there a problem. Environmental Health Perspectives1995; 103: 346–351.
44.
ZhuB.T., & ConneyA.H.Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: review and perspectives. Carcinogenesis1998; 19: 1–27.
45.
BellM.C., Crowley-NowickP., BradlowH.L., SepkovicD.W., Schmidt-GrimmingerD., HowellP., MayeauxE.J., TuckerA., Turbat-HerreraE.A., & MathisJ.M.Placebo-controlled trial of indole-3-carbinol in the treatment of CIN. Gynecologic Oncology2000; 78: 123–129.
46.
KashimaH., LeventhalB., ClarkK., CohenS., DedoH., DonovanD., FearonB., GardinerL., GoepfertH., LuskR., McCabeB.F., MountsP., MuntzH., RichardsonM., SingletonG., WeckP., WhisnantJ., WoldD., & YonkersA.Interferon alfa-n1 (Wellferon) in juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: results of a randomized study in twelve collaborative institutions. Laryngoscope1988; 98: 334–340.
47.
MulloolyV.M., AbramsonA.L., SteinbergB.M., & HorowitzM.S.Clinical effects of alpha-interferon dose variation on laryngeal papillomas. Laryngoscope1988; 98: 1324–1329.
48.
LeventhalB.G., KashimaH.K., MountsP., ThurmondL., ChapmanS., BuckleyS., & WoldD.Long-term response of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis to treatment with lymphoblastoid interferon alfa-N1. Papilloma Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine1991; 325: 613–617.
49.
IngimarssonS., CantellK., & StranderH.Side effects of long-term treatment with human leukocyte interferon. Journal of Infectious Diseases1979; 140: 560–563.
50.
ShikowitzM.J., AbramsonA.L., FreemanK., SteinbergB.M., & NouriM.Efficacy of DHE photodynamic therapy for respiratory papillomatosis: immediate and long-term results. Laryngoscope1998; 108: 962–967.
51.
LofgrenL.A., RonnA.M., AbramsonA.L., ShikowitzM.J., NouriM., LeeC.J., BattiJ., & SteinbergB.M.Photodynamic therapy using m-tetra(hydroxyphenyl) chlorin. An animal model. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery1994; 120: 1355–1362.
52.
MulloolyV.M., AbramsonA.L., & ShikowitzM.J.Dihematoporphyrin ether-induced photosensitivity in laryngeal papilloma patients. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine1990; 10: 349–356.
53.
De ClercqE., AndreiG., BalzariniJ., HatseS., LiekensS., NaesensL., NeytsJ., & SnoeckR.Antitumor potential of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. Nucleosides & Nucleotides1999; 18: 759–771.
54.
ChristensenN.D., PickelM.D., BudgeonL.R., & KreiderJ.W.In vivo anti-papillomavirus activity of nucleoside analogues including cidofovir on CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas. Antiviral Research1999; 43: 1198–1205.
55.
HoE.S., LinD.C., MendelD.B., & CihlarT.Cytotoxicity of antiviral nucleotides adefovir and cidofovir is induced by the expression of human renal organic anion transporter 1. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology2000; 11: 383–393.
56.
SnoeckR., WellensW., DesloovereC., Van RanstM., NaesensL., De ClercqE., & FeenstraL.Treatment of severe laryngeal papillomatosis with intralesional injections of cidofovir [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxy propyl)cytosine]. Journal of Medical Virology1998; 54: 219–225.
57.
PranskyS.M., BrewsterD.F., MagitA.E., & KearnsD.B.Clinical update on 10 children treated with intralesional cidofovir injections for severe recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery2000; 126: 1239–1243.
58.
WilsonW.R., HashemiyoonR., & HawrychA.Intralesional cidofovir for recurrent laryngeal papillomas: preliminary report. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal2000; 79: 236–238, 240.
59.
DanceyD.R., ChamberlainD. W., KrajdenM., PalefskyJ., lbertiP.W., & DowneyG.P.Successful treatment of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis-related multicystic lung disease with cidofovir case report and review of the literature. Chest2000; 118: 1210–1214.
60.
SnoeckR., BossensM., ParentD., DelaereB., DegreefH., Van RanstM., NoelJ.C., WulfsohnM.S., RooneyJ.F., JaffeH.S., & De ClercqE.Phase II double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of cidofovir topical gel for the treatment of patients with human papillomavirus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases2000; 33: 597–602.
61.
ZerrD.M., & FrenkelL.M.Advances in antiviral therapy. Current Opinion in Pediatrics1999; 11: 21–27.
62.
KirogluM., CetikF., SoyluL., AbediA., AydoganB., AkcaliC., KirogluF., & OzsahinogluC.Acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a preliminary report. American Journal of Otolaryngology1994; 15: 212–214.
63.
EndresD.R., BaumanN.M., BurkeD., & SmithR.J.Acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. A pilot study. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology1994; 103: 301–305.
64.
BollagW.Experimental basis of cancer combination chemotherapy with retinoids, cytokines, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and analogs. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry1994; 56: 427–435.
65.
Taylor-CooleyL.D., & DonovanD.T.Isotretinoin therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery1994; 120: 405–409.
66.
AlbertsD.S., CoulthardS.W., & MeyskensF.L.Jr.Regression of aggressive laryngeal papillomatosis with 13-cis-retinoic acid (accutane). Journal of Biological Response Modifiers1986; 5: 124–128.
67.
EicherS.A., Taylor-CooleyL.D., & DonovanD.T.Isotretinoin therapy for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery1994; 120: 405–409.
68.
BellR., HongW.K., ItriL.M., McDonaldG., & StrongM.S.The use of cis-retinoic acid in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis of the larynx: a randomized pilot study. American Journal of Otolaryngology1988; 9: 161–164.
69.
McHutchisonJ.G., & YounossiZ.Treatment strategies for hepatitis C: making the best of limited options. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine2000; 67: 476–480.
McGlennenR.C., AdamsG.L., LewisC.M., FarasA.J., & OstrowR.S.Pilot trial of ribavirin for the treatment of laryngeal papillomatosis. Head & Neck1993; 15: 504–512, discussion 512–513.
72.
GriswoldD.E., AlessiS., BadgerA.M., PosteG., & HannaN.Inhibition of T suppressor cell expression by histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists. Journal of Immunology1984; 132: 3054–3057.
73.
GlassA.T., & SolomonB.A.Cimetidine therapy for recalcitrant warts in adults. Archives of Dermatology1996; 132: 680–682.
74.
GooptuC., HigginsC.R., & JamesM.P.Treatment of viral warts with cimetidine: an open-label study. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology2000; 25: 183–185.
75.
HarcourtJ.P., WorleyG., & LeightonS.E.Cimetidine treatment for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology1999; 51: 109–113.
76.
YilmazE., AlpsoyE., & BasaranE.Cimetidine therapy for warts: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology1996; 34: 1005–1007.
77.
JochmusI., SchaferK., FaathS., MullerM., & GissmannL.Chimeric virus-like particles of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine. Archives of Medical Research1999; 30: 269–274.
78.
LingM., KanayamaM., RodenR., & WuT.Preventive and therapeutic vaccines for human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancers. Journal of Biomedical Science2000; 7: 341–356.
79.
SchillerJ.T., & HidesheimA.Developing HPV virus-like particle vaccines to prevent cervical cancer: a progress report. Journal of Clinical Virology2000; 19: 67–74.
80.
RoseR.C., ReichmanR.C., & BonnezW.Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 11 recombinant virus-like particles induce the formation of neutralizing antibodies and detect HPV-specific antibodies in human sera. Journal of General Virology1994; 75: 2075–2079.
81.
LoweR.S., BrownD.R., BryanJ.T., CookJ.C., GeorgeH.A., HofmannK.J., HurniW.M., JoyceJ.G., LehmanE.D., MarkusH.Z., NeeperM.P., SchultzL.D., ShawA.R., & JansenK.U.Human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) neutralizing antibodies in the serum and genital mucosal secretions of African green monkeys immunized with HPV-11 virus-like particles expressed in yeast. Journal of Infectious Diseases1997; 176: 1141–1145.
82.
ChristensenN.D., ReedC.A., CladelN.M., HanR., & KreiderJ.W.Immunization with virus like particles induces long-term protection of rabbits against challenge with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. Journal of Virology1996; 70: 960–965.
83.
EvansT.G., BonnezW., RoseR.C., KoenigS., DemeterL., SuzichJ.A., O'BrienD., CampbellM., WhiteW.I., BalsleyJ., & ReichmanR.C.A phase I study of recombinant viruslike particle vaccine against human papillomavirus type 11 in healthy adult volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases2001; 183: 1485–1493.
84.
ThompsonH.S., DaviesM.L., HoldingF.P., FallonR.E., MannA.E., O'NeillT., & RobertsJ.S.Phase I safety and anti-genicity of TA-GW: a recombinant HPV6 L2E7 vaccine for the treatment of genital warts. Vaccine1999; 17: 40–49.
85.
LaceyC.J., ThompsonH.S., MonteiroE.F., O'NeillT., DaviesM.L., HoldingF. P., FallonR.E., & RobertsJ.S.Phase IIa safety and immunogenicity of a therapeutic vaccine, TA-GW, in persons with genital warts. Journal of Infectious Diseases1999; 179: 612–618.
