Resistance and Other Factors Involved in Therapy Failure

Gazzard B. The picture of future therapy. International Journal of Clinical Practice Supplement 1999; 103: 45–48.

Fatkenheuer G. , Theisen A. , Rockstroh J. , Grabow T. , Wicke C. , Becker K. , Wieland U. , Pfister H. , Reiser M. , Hegener P. , Franzen C. , Schwenk A. , & Salzberger B. Virological treatment failure of protease inhibitor therapy in an unselected cohort of HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1997; 11: F113–F116.

Grabar S. , Pradier C. , Le Corfec E. , Lancar R. , Allavena C. , Bentata M. , Berlureau P. , Dupont C. , Fabbro-Peray P. , Poizot-Martin I. , & Costagliola D. Factors associated with clinical and virological failure in patients receiving a triple therapy including a protease inhibitor. AIDS 2000; 14: 141–149.

Hirsch M.S. , Brun-Vezinet F. , D'Aquila R.T. , Hammer S.M. , Johnson V.A. , Kuritzkes D.R. , Loveday C. , Mellors J.W. , Clotet B. , Conway B. , Demeter L.M. , Vella S. , Jacobsen D.M. , & Richman D.D. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adult with HIV infection. Recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283: 2417–2426.

Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. http://www.hivatis.org/guidelines/adult/pdf/A&ajani.pdf.

Flexner C. HIV genotype and phenotype – arresting resistance. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283: 2442–2444.

Gallant J.E. , & Block D.S. Adherence to antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected patients: results of a survey among physicians and patients. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care 1998; 4: 32–35.

Bartlett J. , DeMasi R. , Quinn J. , Moxham C. , & Rousseau F. Overview of the effectiveness of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected adults. AIDS 2001; 15: 1369–1377.

d'Arminio Monforte A. , Cozzi Lepri A. , Pezzotti P. , Rezza G. , Phillips A.N. , Abrescia N. , Bonazzi L. , Cadeo G.P. , Cargnel A. , De Lalla F. , De Stefano C. , Piazza M. , Ranieri S. , Sorano M.L. , & Vullo V. Insights into the reasons for discontinuation of the first highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen and its determinants. 7th European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV-Infection. Lisbon, Portugal, 23–27 October 1999; Abstract 121.

Stewart K.E. , Call S.A. , Cloud G.A. , Westfall A.O. , McKinnon S.L. , Chatham A.G. , & Saag M.S. Prospective prediction of ARV adherence: the role of patient-perceived barriers. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, Calif., USA, 26–29 September 1999; Abstract 587.

Roca B. , Claramonte B. , Sanchez M.D.E. , & Rovira R.E. Adherence to anti-HIV treatment in clinical practice. 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, Canada, 17–20 September 2000; Abstract 797.

McNicholl I.R. , & Lusk R.H. Risk factors for non-adherence in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected veterans population. 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, Canada, 17–20 September 2000; Abstract 794.

Fletcher C.V. Pharmacologic considerations for therapeutic success with antiretroviral agents. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 1999; 33: 989–995.

Hsu A. , Granneman G.R. , & Bertz R.J. Ritonavir. Clinical pharmacokinetics and interactions with other anti-HIV agents [published erratum appears in Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1998 35: 473]. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1998; 35: 275–291.

Dresser G.K. , Spence J.D. , & Bailey D.G. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2000; 38: 41–57.

Sadler B.M. , Piliero P.J. , Preston S.L. , Yu L. , & Stein D.S. Pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-interaction between amprenavir (APV) and ritonavir (RTV) in HIV-seronegative subjects after multiple oral dosing. 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calif, USA, 30 January – 2 February 2000; Abstract 77.

McMichael A.J. , & Phillips R.E. Escape of human immunodeficiency virus from immune control. Annual Review of Immunology 1997; 15: 271–296.

Harrer E. , Harrer T. , Barbosa P. , Feinberg M. , Johnson R. P. , Buchbinder S. , & Walker B.D. Recognition of the highly conserved YMDD region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes from an asymptomatic long-term nonprogressor. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 173: 476–479.

Schmitt M. , Harrer E. , Goldwich A. , Bauerle M. , Graedner I. , Kalden J.R. , & Harrer T. Specific recognition of lamivudine-resistant HIV-1 by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS 2000; 14: 653–658.

Carpenter C.C. , Cooper D.A. , Fischl M.A. , Gatell J.M. , Gazzard B.G. , Hammer S.M. , Hirsch M.S. , Jacobsen D.M. , Katzenstein D.A. , Montaner J.S. , Richman D.D. , Saag M.S. , Schechter M. , Schooley R.T. , Thompson M.A. , Vella S. , Yeni P.G. , & Volberding P.A. Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283: 381–390.

Folkers G. , & Morales J. Newly updated HIV treatment guidelines for adults and adolescents available on the world wide web. http://www.hivatis.org.

Gazzard B. , & Moyle G. 1998 revision to the British HIV Association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV seropositive individuals. BHIVA Guidelines Writing Committee. Lancet 1998; 352: 314–316.

Greenberg R.N. Overview of patient compliance with medication dosing: a literature review. Clinical Therapeutics 1984; 6: 592–599.

Griffith S. A review of the factors asso0ciated with patient compliance and the taking of prescribed medicines. British Journal of General Practice 1990; 40: 114–116.

Paterson D.L. , Swindells S. , Mohr J. , Brester M. , Vergis E.N. , Squier C. , Wagener M.M. , & Singh N. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000; 133: 21–30.

Fischl M. , Rodriguez A. , Scerpella E. , Monroig R. , Thompson L. , & Rechtine D. Impact of directly observed therapy on outcomes in HIV clinical trials. 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calif., USA, 30 January – 2 February 2000; Abstract 71.

Sherr L. Understanding adherence. Journal of HIV Therapy 2000; 5: 30–35.

Purdy B.D. , Raymond A.M. , & Lesar T. Prescribing errors with antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected patients. 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, Calif., USA, 24–27 September 1998; Abstract I–169.

DeMasi R. , Tolson J. , Pham S. , Capuano G. , Graham N. , Fisher R. , Shaefer M. , & Eron J. Self-reported adherence to HAART and correlation with HIV RNA: initial results with the patient medication adherence questionnaire. 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, Ill., USA, 31 January – 4 February 1999; Abstract 94.

Raffi F. Aides Federation Nationale; November 1999 survey, 2nd International HIV/AIDS Colloquium. Guadalajara, Mexico, 18–19 May 2000.

Cahn P on behalf of the CNAB3014 study team. Potential advantages of a compact triple nucleoside regimen; efficacy and adherence with Combivir/abacavir versus Combivir/indinavir in an open-label randomised comparative study (CNAB3014), 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto, Canada, 17–20 September 2000; Abstract 695.

Regazzi M.B. , Villani P. , Maserati R. , Cocchi L. , Giacchino R. , Burroni D. , & Rettani M. Pharmacokinetic variability and strategy for therapeutic drug monitoring of saquinavir (SQV) in HIV-1 infected individuals. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1999; 47: 379–382.

Molla A. , Vasavanonda S. , Kumar G. , Sham H.L. , Johnson M. , Grabowski B. , Denissen J. F. , Kohlbrenner W. , Plattner J.J. , Leonard J.M. , Norbeck D.W. , & Kempf D.J. Human serum attenuates the activity of protease inhibitors toward wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus. Virology 1998; 250: 255–262.

Malaty L.I. , & Kuper J.J. Drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors. Drug Safety 1999; 20: 147–169.

Kempf D.J. , Marsh K.C. , Kumar G. Pharmacokinetic enhancement of inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus protease by coadministration with ritonavir. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1997; 41: 654–660.

Gatell J.M. , Lange J. , Arnaiz J.A. , Faetkenheuer G. , Mallolas J. , & Clotet B. A randomized study comparing continued indinavir (800 mg tid) to indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg bid) in HIV patients having achieved viral load suppression with indinavir plus 2 nucleosides analogues. The bid efficacy and safety trial (BEST), XIII International AIDS Conference. Durban, South Africa, 9–14 July 2000; Abstract 484.

Hill A. , Craig C. , & Whittaker L. Prediction of drug potency from C_min/IC₅₀ or C_min/IC₉₅ ratio: false precision. Antiviral Therapy 2000; 5 (Suppl. 3):50.

Ogg G.S. , Jin X. , Bonhoeffer S. , Dunbar P.R. , Nowak M.A. , Monard S. , Segal J.P. , Cao Y. , Rowland-Jones S.L. , Cerundolo V. , Hurley A. , Markowitz M. , Ho D.D. , Nixon D.F. , & McMichael A.J. Quantitation of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma load of viral RNA. Science 1998; 279: 2103–2106.

John M. , Rowland-Jones S. , Moore C. , & Mallal S. Control of HIV replication by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Antiviral Therapy 1999; 4: 91–97.

Owen M. Major Histocompatibility Complex. In Immunology. Edited by Roitt I. , Brostoff J. , & Male D. 1989; pp. 4.1–4.12. London: Gower Medical Publishing.

Goulder P.J. , Phillips R.E. , Colbert R.A. , McAdam S. , Ogg G. , Nowak M.A. , Giangrande P. , Luzzi G. , Morgan B. , Edwards A. , McMichael A.J. , & Rowland-Jones S. Late escape from an immunodominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response associated with progression to AIDS. Nature Medicine 1997; 3: 212–217.

Borrow P. , Lewicki H. , Wei X. , Horwitz M.S. , Peffer N. , Meyers H. , Nelson J.A. , Gairin J.E. , Hahn B.H. , Oldstone M.B. , & Shaw G.M. Antiviral pressure exerted by HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during primary infection demonstrated by rapid selection of CTL escape virus. Nature Medicine 1997; 3: 205–211.

Price D.A. , Goulder P.J. , Klenerman P. , Sewell A.K. , Easterbrook P.J. , Troop M. , Bangham C.R. , & Phillips R.E. Positive selection of HIV-1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variants during primary infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 1997; 94: 1890–1895.

Klenerman P. , Rowland-Jones S. , McAdam S. , Edwards J. , Daenke S. , Lalloo D. , Koppe B. , Rosenberg W. , Boyd D. , & Edwards A. Cytotoxic T-cell activity antagonized by naturally occurring HIV-1 Gag variants. Nature 1994; 369: 403–407.

Mallal S. , Moore C. , John M. , James I. , Nolan D. , Sayer D. , & Witt C. Characteristic changes in HIV reverse transcriptase sequence at sites encoding known CTL epitopes at a population level. XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa, 9–14 July 2000; Abstract 286.

Tisdale M. , Kemp S.D. , Parry N.R. , & Larder B.A. Rapid in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3′-thiacytidine inhibitors due to a mutation in the YMDD region of reverse transcriptase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 1993; 90: 5653–5656.

Larder B.A. , Purifoy D.J. , Powell K.L. , & Darby G. Site-specific mutagenesis of AIDS virus reverse transcriptase. Nature 1987; 327: 716–717.

Tisdale M. , Alnadaf T. , & Cousens D. Combination of mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase required for resistance to the carbocyclic nucleoside 1592U89. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1997; 41: 1094–1098.

Gao Q. , Gu Z. , Hiscott J. , Dionne G. , & Wainberg M.A. Generation of drug-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by in vitro passage in increasing concentrations of 2’,3′-dideoxycytidine and 2’,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 1993; 37: 130–133.

Haberl A. , Gute P. , Carlebach A. , Mosch M. , Miller V. , & Staszewski S. Once-daily therapy (NVP/ddI/3TC) for the IVDU HIV-1 infected population of the Frankfurt HIV-cohort. XII International AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 29 – July 2 1998; Abstract 22398.