Current Insights into Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Associated Resistance

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Calvez V. , Mouroux M. , Yvon A. , Delaugerre C. , Bossi P. , Valantin M.A. , Coutellier A. , Bonmarchand M. , Huraux J-M , & Katlama C. Zidovudine resistance associated mutations can be selected in patients after long-term exposure to stavudine. Antiviral Therapy 1999; 4 (Suppl. 1): 26–27.

Calvez V. , Mouroux M. , Descamps D. , Izopet J. , Delaugerre C. , Yvon A. , Matheron S. , Simon A. , Valantin M-A , Bonmarchand M. , Agut H. , Massip P. , Brun-Vezinet F. , & Katlama C. Occurrence of thymidine-associated mutations in naïve patients treated more than 6 months by stavudine/lamivudine bitherapy combination and tri-therapies including stavudine/didanosine or stavudine/lamivudine. Antiviral Therapy 2000; 5 (Suppl. 3): 40–41.

Pozniak A.L. , Gilleece Y. , Nelson M. , Hertogs K. , & Gazzard B. Zidovudine genotypic and phenotypic resistance arising in patients never exposed to zidovudine. Antiviral Therapy 2000; 5 (Suppl. 3): 42.

Calvez V. , Costagliola D. , Descamps D. , Matheron S. , Simon A. , Valantin M-A , Katlama C. , & Brun-Vezinet F. Resistance and viral response to stavudine/lamivudine combination in zidovudine experienced patients in the ALTIS-2 ANRS trial. Antiviral Therapy 2000; 5 (Suppl. 3): 83.

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Race E. , Ferchal F. , Dam E. , Picard V. , Maillard A. , Obry V. , Sombardier M.N. , Chene G. , Molina J.M. , & Clavel F. Selection of HIV-1 variants with wide cross-resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors during low-level escape to first-line dual nucleoside therapy. Antiviral Therapy 1998; 4 (Suppl. 1): 80.

Sommadossi J.P. , Valantin M.A. , Zhou X.J. , Xie M.Y. , Moore J. , Calvez V. , Desa M. , & Katlama C. Intracellular phosphorylation of stavudine (d4T) and 3TC correlates with their antiviral activity in naive and zidovudine (ZDV) experienced HIV-infected patients. 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, Ill., USA, 1–5 February 1998; Abstract 362.

Hoggard P.G. , Sales S.D. , Phiboonbanakit D. , Lloyd J. , Maher B.A. , Khoo S.H. , Wilkins E. , Carey P. , Hart C.A. , & Back D.J. Influence of prior exposure to zidovudine on stavudine phosphorylation in vivo and ex vivo. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 2001; 45: 577–582.

Duan C.Y. , Poticha D. , Stoeckli T.C. , Petropoulos C. , Whitcomb J. , McHenry C.S. , & Kuritzkes D.R. Biochemical evidence of cross-resistance to stavudine triphosphate in purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase derived from a zidovudine-resistant isolate. Antiviral Therapy 2000; 5 (Suppl. 3): 41.

Schuurman R. , Nijhuis M. , Keulen W. , Back N. , Kline M. , Bijen M. , van Wijk A. , de Graaf L. , Maxeiner H. , & Boucher C. Selection of zidovudine resistance mutations conferring low-level resistance to stavudine occurs at low frequency in stavudine-treated patients and in vitro during prolonged selection experiments. Antiviral Therapy 2000; 5 (Suppl. 3): 39.

Maguire M. , Gartland M. , Moore S. , Hill A. , Tisdale M. , Harrigan R. , & Kleim J-P Absence of zidovudine resistance in antiretroviral-naive patients following zidovudine/lamivudine/protease inhibitor combination therapy: virological evaluation of the AVANTI 2 and AVANTI 3 studies. AIDS 2000; 14: 1195–1201.

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Schuurman R. , Nijhuis M. , van Leeuwen R. , Schipper P. , de Jong D. , Collis P. , Danner S.A. , Mulder J. , Loveday C. , & Christopherson C. Rapid changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load and appearance of drug-resistant populations in persons treated with lamivudine (3TC). Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995; 171: 1411–1419.

Lange J. , Hill A. , Ait-Khaled M. , De Wolf F. , Foudraine N. , & Maguire M. Does the M184V mutation affect the efficacy of HAART. Antiviral Therapy 1999; 4 (Suppl. 1): 79–80.

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Eron J.J. , Benoit S.L. , Jemsek J. , MacArthur R.D. , Santana J. , Quinn J.B. , Kuritzkes D.R. , Fallon M.A. , & Rubin M. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter. North American HIV Working Party. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333: 1662–1669.

Katlama C. , Ingrand D. , Loveday C. , Clumeck N. , Mallolas J. , Staszewski S. , Johnson M. , Hill A.M. , Pearce G. , & McDade H. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine-zidovudine combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients. A randomized, controlled comparison with zidovudine monotherapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996; 276: 118–125.

Eron J.J.J. The treatment of antiretroviral-naive subjects with the 3TC/zidovudine combination: a review of North American (NUCA 3001) and European (NUCB 3001) trials. AIDS 1996; 10 (Suppl. 5): S11–S19.

Jonckheere H. , Witvrouw M. , De Clercq E. , & Anne J. Lamivudine resistance of HIV type 1 does not delay development of resistance to nonnucleoside HIV type 1-specific reverse transcriptase inhibitors as compared with wild-type HIV type 1. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 1998; 14: 249–253.

Keulen W. , van Wijk A. , Schuurman R. , Berkhout B. , & Boucher C.A. Increased polymerase fidelity of lamivudine-resistant HIV-1 variants does not limit their evolutionary potential. AIDS 1999; 13: 1343–1349.

Wainberg M.A. , & Gotte M. Should the M184V mutation in RT be maintained as a component of HIV treatment strategies? 5th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection. Glasgow, UK, 22–26 October 2000; Abstract P57.

Harrer E. , Harrer T. , Barbosa P. , Feinberg M. , Johnson R.P. , Buchbinder S. , & Walker B.D. Recognition of the highly conserved YMDD region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase by HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes from an asymptomatic long-term nonprogressor. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 173: 476–479.

Schmitt M. , Harrer E. , Goldwich A. , Bauerle M. , Graedner I. , Kalden J.R. , & Harrer T. Specific recognition of lamivudine-resistant HIV-1 by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS 2000; 14: 653–658.

Kalams S.A. , Goulder P.J. , Shea A.K. , Jones N.G. , Trocha A.K. , Ogg G.S. , & Walker B.D. Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effector and memory responses decline after suppression of viremia with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Virology 1999; 73: 6721–6728.

Zaunders J.J. , Cunningham P.H. , Kelleher A.D. , Kaufmann G.R. , Jaramillo A.B. , Wright R. , Smith D. , Grey P. , Vizzard J. , Carr A. , & Cooper D.A. Potent antiretroviral therapy of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: partial normalization of T lymphocyte subsets and limited reduction of HIV-1 DNA despite clearance of plasma viremia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999; 180: 320–329.

Hicks C.B. , Markert L. , Ottinger J. , Ferrari G. , Harmon L. , Demarest J. , Bartlett J.A. , Hale L. , & Weinhold K. Immunologic changes in blood and lymph nodes induced by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). 5th Conference on Retroviruses Opportunistic Infections. Chicago, Ill., USA, 1–5 February 1998; Abstract 21.

Inouye P. , Cherry E. , Hsu M. , Zolla-Pazner S. , & Wainberg M.A. Neutralizing antibodies directed against the V3 loop select for different escape variants in a virus with mutated reverse transcriptase (M184V) than in wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 1998; 14: 735–740.

Henry K. The case for more cautious, patient-focused anti-retroviral therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000; 132: 306–311.

Cohen O.J. Antiretroviral therapy: time to think strategically. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000; 132: 320–322.

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