The COVID-19 pandemic meant that people’s lives and work changed significantly across the world. Governments took measures such as social distancing, lockdowns and quarantine protocols to stem the spread of the pandemic. This had a significant impact on music therapy clinical practice, generating reflections and adaptations among the worldwide music therapy community, with several studies still underway. A number of professional music therapy organisations have explored methods for carrying out remote interventions. MusicTeamCare is an approach developed by three Italian Certified Music Therapists that could offer access to support in emergency and crisis situations. This approach is rooted in receptive music therapy theory, with particular reference to Guided Imagery and Music (GIM). MusicTeamCare was used for the first time in March to April 2020, with healthcare workers in Italy who were treating COVID-19 patients. This article outlines theoretical framework, development and evaluation phases of MusicTeamCare. Detailed explanations are given of the theoretical framework, methods of musical analysis, assessment and evaluation strategies, criteria for constructing the playlists and interactive triangulation between the Music Therapists in the research team.
AMTA- American Music Therapy Association (2022) COVID-19 resources: Telehealth considerations and resources. Available at: https://www.musictherapy.org/ (accessed 5 April 2022).
5.
AnelliFLeoniGMonacoR, et al. (2020) Italian doctors call for protecting healthcare workers and boosting community surveillance during covid-19 outbreak. BMJ368: m1254.
BeckBD (2012) Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) with adults on sick leave suffering from work-related stress - a mixed methods experimental study. Aalborg University.
9.
BeckBDMesselCMeyerSL, et al. (2018) Feasibility of trauma-focused guided imagery and music with adult refugees diagnosed with PTSD: A pilot study. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy27(1): 67–86.
10.
BernardiLPortaCSleightP (2006) Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence. Heart (British Cardiac Society)92(4): 445–452. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2005.064600.
11.
BernardiLPortaCCasucciG, et al. (2009) Dynamic interactions between musical, cardiovascular, and cerebral rhythms in humans. Circulation119(25): 3171–3180. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.806174.
12.
BonnyHL (2002) Music Consciousness: The Evolution of Guided Imagery and Music (ed SummerL). Gilsum, NH: Barcelona Publishing.
13.
BrusciaKGrockeD (2002) Guided Imagery and Music: The Bonny Method and beyond, 1st edn. Barcelona Publishers.
14.
BrusciaKE (2014) Defining Music Therapy, 3rd edn.Gilsum, NH: Barcelona Publishers.
15.
BuntLHoskynsS (2002) The handbook of music therapy. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
16.
ChangH-KPengT-CWangJ-H, et al. (2011) Psychophysiological responses to sedative music in patients awaiting cardiac catheterization examination: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing26(5): E11-18. DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181fb711b.
17.
ChapadosCLevitinDJ (2008) Cross-modal interactions in the experience of musical performances: Physiological correlates. Cognition108(3): 639–651.
EverlyGS (2020) Psychological first aid to support healthcare professionals. Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management 25(4). SAGE Publications: 159–162. DOI: 10.1177/2516043520944637.
20.
GaddySGallardoRMcCluskeyS, et al. (2020) COVID-19 and music therapists’ employment, service delivery, perceived stress, and hope: A descriptive study. Music Therapy Perspectives38(2): 157–166.
21.
GerritsenRJSBandGPH (2018) Breath of life: The respiratory vagal stimulation model of contemplative activity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience12: 397.
22.
GiordanoFScarlataEBaroniM, et al. (2020) Receptive music therapy to reduce stress and improve wellbeing in Italian clinical staff involved in COVID-19 pandemic: A preliminary study. The Arts in Psychotherapy70: 101688.
23.
GriffithsTDUppenkampSJohnsrudeI, et al. (2001) Encoding of the temporal regularity of sound in the human brainstem. Nature Neuroscience4(6): 633–637.
24.
GrockeDEMoeT (eds) (2015) Guided Imagery & Music (GIM) and Music Imagery Methods for Individual and Group Therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
25.
GrockeDEWigramT (2007) Receptive Methods in Music Therapy: Techniques and Clinical Applications for Music Therapy Clinicians, Educators and Students, 1st pbk edn. London; Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
26.
HeidenreichV (2005) Music therapy in war-effected areas. Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work & Counselling in Areas of Armed Conflict3(2): 129–134.
27.
HommaIMasaokaY (2008) Breathing rhythms and emotions: Breathing and emotion. Experimental Physiology93(9): 1011–1021.
28.
JacobsenSLWaldonEGGattinoG, et al. (eds) (2019a) Music Therapy Assessment: Theory, Research, and Application. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
29.
JacobsenSLWigramTRasmussenAM, et al. (2019b) Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy. In: BondeLOWigramT (eds) Comprehensive Guide to Music Therapy, 2nd edn. (pp. 410–428) London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
30.
JänigW (2008) Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System: Neurobiology of Homeostasis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31.
JerathRBeveridgeC (2020) Respiratory rhythm, autonomic modulation, and the spectrum of emotions: The future of emotion recognition and modulation. Frontiers in Psychology11: 1980.
32.
KangLLiYHuS, et al. (2020) The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry7(3): e14.
33.
KnottDBlockS (2020) Virtual music therapy: Developing new approaches to service delivery. Music Therapy Perspectives38: 151–156.
KoelschSJänckeL (2015) Music and the heart. European Heart Journal36(44): 3043–3049. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv430.
36.
KorlinD (2008) Music Breathing – Breath Grounding and Modulation of the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music: Theory, Method and Cases”. Journal of the Association for Music and Imagery 11(2007–2008): 79–109.
37.
KreibigSD (2010) Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biol Psychol84(3): 394–421.
38.
KunikullayaKUGoturuJMuradiV, et al. (2015) Music versus lifestyle on the autonomic nervous system of prehypertensives and hypertensives: A randomized control trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine23(5): 733–740.
MoazzamiBRazavi-KhorasaniNDooghaieMoghadamA, et al. (2020) COVID-19 and telemedicine: Immediate action required for maintaining healthcare providers well-being. Journal of Clinical Virology126: 104345.
44.
MontgomeryEA (2012) An interview with Lisa Summer: Discussing GIM and its adaptations. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy12(1): 642.
45.
Motta ZaninGGentileEParisiA, et al. (2020) A preliminary evaluation of the public risk perception related to the COVID-19 health emergency in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health17(9): 3024.
46.
MucciFMucciNDiolaiutiF (2020) Lockdown and isolation: Psychological aspects of COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. Clin Neuropsychiatry17(2): 63–64.
47.
MullerBMcShaneF (2014) Variations in Guided Imagery and Music: Taking a Closer Look. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/id/10905996 (accessed 18 August 2020).
48.
NoguchiKMasaokaYSatohK, et al. (2012) Effect of music on emotions and respiration. The Showa University Journal of Medical Sciences24(1): 69–75.
49.
NummenmaaLGlereanEHariR, et al. (2014) Bodily maps of emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America111(2): 646–651.
50.
PavlicevicMAnsdellG (eds) (2004) Community Music Therapy. London; Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
51.
PhilippotPChapelleGBlairyS (2002) Respiratory feedback in the generation of emotion. Cognition & Emotion16(5): 605–627.
RuudE (2013) Can music serve as a ‘cultural immunogen’? An explorative study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being8(1): 20597.
54.
ScarlataE (2015) Italy, Country report on professional recognition of music therapy. Approaches: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Music Therapy Special Issue7(1): 161–162.
55.
SternDN (2010) Forms of Vitality: Exploring Dynamic Experience in Psychology, the Arts, Psychotherapy, and Development. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
56.
StigeBAnsdellGElefantCPavlicevicM (2010) Where Music Helps: Community Music Therapy in Action and Reflection (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315084084
57.
StoryKMBeckBD (2017) Guided imagery and music with female military veterans: An intervention development study. The Arts in Psychotherapy55: 93–102.
WoschTWigramT (eds) (2007) Microanalysis in Music Therapy: Methods, Techniques and Applications for Clinicians, Researchers, Educators and Students, 1st American pbk. London; Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
