This article explores the process of transmission of the image(s) of 9/11 through an
ethnographic/art-historical examination of Bengali (Indian) pat
(traditional scroll painting) made by a community of rural Indian artisans with
little or no exposure to mass-media. It transpires that while the impact of
mass-media — often held responsible for the extinction of `authentic'
folk art — has been somewhat exaggerated, the argument put forward here
is that the putative anteriority of a time before representation, is largely an
illusion.
Appadurai, Arjun
(1995) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of
Globalization . Oxford: Oxford
University Press .
3.
Aragon, Louis
(1980) Paris Peasant (trans. S. Watson Taylor).
London: Pan
Books.
4.
Arendt, Hannah
(1958) The Human Condition.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
5.
Augé, Marc
(1999) The War of Dreams: Studies in Ethno Fiction (trans.
Liz Heron). London: Pluto
Press .
6.
Baudrillard, Jean
(1988) The Ecstasy of Communication (trans. Bernard and
Caroline Schutze). New York:
Semiotext(e) .
7.
Benjamin, Walter
(1999a) `Little History of Photography', in
Michael W. Jennings
,
Howard Eiland
and
Gary Smith
(eds) Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2,
1927—1934, pp.
507—30. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University
Press.
8.
Benjamin, Walter
(1999b) `Dream Kitsch: Gloss on Surrealism', in
Michael W. Jennings
,
Howard Eiland
, and
Gary Smith
(eds) Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2,
1927—1934, pp.
3—5. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
9.
Benjamin, Walter
(1999c) `Some Remarks on Folk Art', in
Michael W. Jennings
,
Howard Eiland
, and
Gary Smith
(eds) Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Volume 2,
1927—1934, pp.
278—80. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University
Press.
10.
Benjamin, Walter
(1999d) `Paris Arcades', in
Walter BenjaminThe Arcades Project (trans. H. Eiland and K. McLaughlin),
Cambridge, MA:
Belknap (
Harvard University Press
).
11.
Bhattacharya, Asok
, ed. (2001) Paschimbanger Patachitra.
Calcutta: WB Folk and Tribal
Cultural Centre.
12.
Breithaupt, Fritz
(2003) `Rituals of Trauma: How the Media Fabricated September
11', in
Steven Chermak
,
Frankie Y. Bailey
, and
Michelle Brown
(eds) Media Representations of September 11, pp.
67—82. Westport,
CT: Praeger.
13.
Calderbank, Michael
(2003) `
Walter Benjamin and the Arcades
', Papers on Surrealism 1 (winter). URL (accessed October
2007): www.surrealismcentre.ac.uk/
publications/papers/journal1/acrobat_files/Calderbank.pdf
14.
Campbell, Christopher P.
(2003) `Commodifying September 11: Advertising, Myth and
Hegemony', in
Steven Chermak
,
Frankie Y. Bailey
, and
Michelle Brown
(eds) Media Representations of September 11, pp.
47—65. Westport,
CT: Praeger.
15.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh
(2000) Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and
Historical Difference. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press.
16.
Chermak, Steven
,
Bailey, Frankie Y.
and
Brown, Michelle
, eds (2003) Media Representations of September 11.
Westport, CT:
Praeger.
17.
Crites, Stephen
(1995) `The Narrative Quality of Experience', in
L. Hirchman
and
S. Hirchman
(eds) Memory, Identity, Community: The Idea of Narrative in the Human
Sciences, pp. 26—50.
New York : State University of New
York Press.
18.
Debord, Guy
(1995) The Society of the Spectacle (trans. D.
Nicholas-Smith) . New York: Zone
Books.
19.
Derrida, Jacques
(2003) `Autoimmunity — Real and Symbolic Suicides:
A Dialogue with Jacques Derrida' in
Giovanna Borradori
(ed.) Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jurgen Habermas and
Jacques Derrida, pp. 85—136.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
20.
Dutt, Gurusaday
(1990) Folk Arts and Crafts of Bengal: The Collected
Papers . Calcutta:
Seagull.
21.
Featherstone, Mike
(1993) `Postmodernism and the Astheticization of Everyday
Life', in
Scott Lash
and
Jonathan Friedman
(eds) Modernity and Identity , pp.
265—90. London:
Blackwell .
22.
Feldman, Allen
(2005)
`On the Actuarial Gaze: From 9/11 to Abu Ghraib'
, Cultural Studies19(2):
203—26.
23.
Felski, Rita
(1999/2000) `
The Invention of Everyday Life
', New Formations, 39:
18—22.
24.
Foster, Hal
(1997) `Death in America: Shocked Subjectivity and Compulsive
Visual Repetition', in
Rosalind Krauss
,
Annette Michelson
,
Yve-Alain Bois
,
Benjamin H.D.Buchloh, Hal Foster
,
Denis Hollier
and
Silvia Kolbowski
(eds) October: the Second Decade, 1986—1996, pp.
354—8. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
25.
Francastel, Pierre
(1994) Peinture et Société: Naissance
et destruction d'un espace plastique de la Renaissance au Cubisme.
Paris:
Gallimard.
26.
Frow, John
(1997) Time and Commodity Culture: Essays in Cultural Theory
and Post-modernity. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
27.
Gupta, Akhil
and
Ferguson, James
(2002) `Beyond “Culture”: Identity and
the Politics of Difference', in
Jonathan X. Inda
and
Renato Rosaldo
(eds) The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader, pp.
65—82. Oxford:
Blackwell.
28.
Hall, Stuart
(1993) `Encoding, Decoding', in
Simon During
(ed.) The Cultural Studies Reader, pp.
90—103. London:
Routledge.
29.
Hansen, Miriam
(1987) `
Benjamin, Cinema and Experience: “The Blue Flower in the Land of
Technology”
', New German Critique , 40(winter):
179—224.
30.
Heidegger, Martin
(1977) The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays
(trans. W. Lovitt). New York:
Harper Torchbooks.
31.
Heller, Agnes
(1984) Everyday Life.
London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul.
32.
Jain, Jyotindra
(1999) Kalighat Painting: Images from a Changing World
. Ahmedabad:
Mapin.
33.
Koerner, Joseph Leo
(1998) `Hieronymus Bosch's World Picture', in
Caroline A. Jones
and
Peter Galison
(eds) Picturing Science, Producing Art, pp.
297—326.
London:
Routledge.
34.
Korom, Frank J.
(2006) Village of Painters: Narrative Scrolls from West
Bengal. Santa Fe: Museum of New
Mexico Press.
35.
Lakoff, George
and
Johnson, Mark
(1987) The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning,
Imagination, and Reason (trans. Catherine Portez).
Chicago, IL: Chicago University
Press.
36.
Lakoff, George
and
Núñez, Rafael E.
(2000) Where Mathematics Comes From? How the Embodied Mind
brings Mathematics into Being. New York:
Basic Books.
37.
Lannoy, Richard
(1975) The Speaking Tree.
London: Oxford University
Press.
38.
Marin, Louis
(2001) On Representation (trans. Catherine Porter).
Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press .
39.
Mattelart, Armand
,
Delcourt, Xavier
and
Mattelart, Michèle
(1993) `International Image Markets ', in
Simon During
(ed.) The Cultural Studies Reader, pp.
421—37. London:
Routledge.
40.
Morris, Rosalind C.
(2004) `
Images of Untranslatability in US War on Terror
', Interventions6(3):
401—23.
41.
Mukhopadhyay, Bhaskar
(1999)
`“Home and the World”: Voyage, Traduction et Domicile
dans la Modernité Bengalie'
, Génèses: Sciences sociales et histoire35:
5—30.
42.
Mukhopadhyay, Bhaskar
(2005)
`The Rumor of Globalization: Globalism, Counter-works and the Location of
Commodity'
, Dialectical Anthropology29(1):
35—60.
43.
Nygren, Christina
(2005) Brokiga Bengalen: Resande teatersällshap,
religiösa festivaler and populära nőjen in
indisca Västbengalen och Bangladesh .
Stockholm: Carlsson
Forlag.
44.
Olin, Margaret
(1992) Forms of Representation in Alois Riegl's Theory of
Art. University Park, PA: Penn State
University Press.
45.
Osborne, Peter
(1995) The Politics of Time: Modernity and Avant-Garde
. London:
Verso.
46.
Panofsky, Erwin
(1991) Perspective as Symbolic Form (trans. Christopher S.
Wood). Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press .
47.
Pinney, Christopher
(2004) Photos of the Gods: The Printed Image and Political
Struggle in India. London:
Reaktion .
48.
Retort
(2004)
`Afflicted Powers: The State, the Spectacle and September 11'
, New Left Review27:
5—21.
49.
Reynolds, Amy
and
Barnett, Brooke
(2003) `“America under Attack”: CNN's
Verbal and Visual Framing of September 11', in
Steven Chermak
,
Frankie Y. Bailey
, and
Michelle Brown
(eds) Media Representations of September 11, pp.
85—102. Westport,
CT: Praeger.
50.
Sanyal, Hitesranjan
(1984)
`The Nature of Peasant Culture in India: A Study of Pat Painting and Clay
Sculptures of Bengal'
, Folk: Journal of the Royal Swedish Folklore Academy26:
121—78.
51.
Savio, Roberto
(2002)
`Post-September 11th. New Concepts of Information'
, International Development45(4):
17—22.
52.
Schapiro, Meyer
(1994) Theory and Philosophy of Art: Style, Artist and
Society. New York: George
Braziller .
53.
Sheikh, Gulammohammed
(1993) `The Viewer's View: Looking at Pictures', in
T. Niranjana
,
P. Sudhir
and
V. Dhareshwar
(eds) Interrogating Modernity: Culture and Colonialism in India,
pp. 143—54.
Calcutta:
Seagull.
54.
Sheikh, Gulammohammed
(1994) `Story of the Tongue and the Text: The Narrative
Tradition', in
Amiya Dev
(ed.) Narrative: A Seminar, pp.
251—72. New Delhi:
Sahitya Akademi.
55.
Sheikh
, Gulammohammed ( 2000) `
Making of a Visual Language: Thoughts on Mughal Painting
', in B.N. Goswamy (ed.)
Indian Art: Forms, Concerns and Developments in Historical
Perspective
(
History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization
, PHISPC, Vol. VI Pt. 3, general editor
D.P. Chattopadhyay ), pp.
299—302. New
Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal.
56.
Shiner, Larry
(1994)
`“Primitive Fakes”, “Tourist
Art”, and the Ideology of Authenticity'
, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism52(2):
225—34.
57.
Singh, Kavita
(2000) `
The Content of the Form: Stylistic Difference and Narrative Choices in
Bengali Pata Paintings
', in B.N. Goswamy (ed.)
Indian Art: Forms, Concerns and Developments in Historical
Perspective
(
History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization
, PHISPC, Vol. VI Pt. 3, general editor
D.P. Chattopadhyay), pp. 341—59.
New Delhi : Munshiram
Manoharlal.
58.
Smith, Terry
(2003)
`The Dialectic of Disappearance: Architectural Iconotypes between clashing
Cultures'
, Critical Quarterly45:
33—51.
59.
Von Schiller, Friedrich
(1966) Naïve and Sentimental Poetry (trans. J.A.
Elias) . New York:
Ungar.
60.
Weber, Samuel
(1991) Return to Freud: Jacques Lacan's Dislocation of
Psychoanalysis (trans. H. Levine).
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
