Although insomnia symptoms is a common public health issue, few studies pay attention to insomnia symptoms among emerging workers in the digital economy. In this study, a total of 1093 emerging workers were recruited. Latent profile analysis was used to investigate the heterogeneity profiles and the relationship between job characteristics and these profiles. Additionally, core symptoms of insomnia were explored through network analysis. Latent profile analysis identified four insomnia profiles: severe insomnia without daytime dysfunction (8.8%), good sleepers (39.6%), mild insomnia (41.7%), and moderate to severe insomnia (9.9%). Job characteristics (e.g. daily working duration, intensity, and performance measurement system) significantly affected the profiles. Network analysis revealed that four profiles had similar network structures, but the edge and strength were varied. The implication for preventing and intervening insomnia symptoms for emerging workers in the digital economy has been discussed.
Al-SmadiAMTawalbehLIGammohOS, et al. (2019) The prevalence and the predictors of insomnia among refugees. Journal of Health Psychology24(8): 1125–1133.
2.
BakkerABDemeroutiESanz-VergelA (2023) Job demands–resources theory: Ten years later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior10(1): 25–53.
3.
BastienCHVallièresAMorinCM (2001) Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine2(4): 297–307.
4.
BenjaminsJSMiglioratiFDekkerK, et al. (2017) Insomnia heterogeneity: Characteristics to consider for data-driven multivariate subtyping. Sleep Medicine Reviews36: 71–81.
5.
BjorvatnBJernelövSPallesenS (2021) Insomnia – A heterogenic disorder often comorbid with psychological and somatic disorders and diseases: A narrative review with focus on diagnostic and treatment challenges. Frontiers in Psychology12: 639198.
6.
Blanco-DonosoLMHodzicSGarrosaE, et al. (2023) Work intensification and its effects on mental health: The role of workplace curiosity. Journal of Psychology157(7): 423–450.
7.
BlankenTFJansson-FröjmarkMSunnhedR, et al. (2021) Symptom-specific effects of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy for insomnia: A network intervention analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology89(4): 364–370.
8.
BorsboomD (2017) A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry16(1): 5–13.
9.
BorsboomDCramerAOJKalisA (2019) Brain disorders? Not really: Why network structures block reductionism in psychopathology research. Behavioral and Brain42: e2.
10.
EllisJGPerlisMLNealeLF, et al. (2012) The natural history of insomnia: Focus on prevalence and incidence of acute insomnia. Journal of Psychiatric Research46(10): 1278–1285.
11.
EpskampSBorsboomDFriedEI (2018a) Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods50(1): 195–212.
12.
EpskampSCramerAOJWaldorpLJ, et al. (2012) Qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software48(4): 367–371.
13.
EpskampSFriedEI (2018) A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychological Methods 23(4): 617–634.
14.
EpskampSWaldorpLJMõttusR, et al. (2018b) The Gaussian graphical model in cross-sectional and time-series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research53(4): 453–480.
15.
FielbaumATirachiniA (2021) The sharing economy and the job market: The case of ride-hailing drivers in Chile. Transportation48(5): 2235–2261.
16.
FriedEIEidhofMBPalicS, et al. (2018) Replicability and generalizability of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) networks: A cross-cultural multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples. Clinical Psychological Science6(3): 335–351.
17.
GuoZYangTHeY, et al. (2023) The relationships between suicidal ideation, meaning in life, and affect: A network analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction1–20. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01019-9
18.
HartescuIMorganK (2019) Regular physical activity and insomnia: An international perspective. Journal of Sleep Research28(2), e12745.
19.
HowardMCHoffmanME (2018) Variable-centered, person-centered, and person-specific approaches: Where theory meets the method. Organizational Research Methods21(4): 846–876.
20.
KaineSJosserandE (2019) The organisation and experience of work in the gig economy. Journal of Industrial Relations61(4): 479–501.
21.
KennairLEOHagenRHjemdalO, et al. (2022) Depression, anxiety, insomnia, and quality of life in a representative community sample of older adults living at home. Frontiers in Psychology13: 811082.
22.
KovácsMMuityGSzapáryÁ, et al. (2023) The prevalence and risk factors of burnout and its association with mental issues and quality of life among Hungarian postal workers: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health23(1): 75–79.
23.
KrickAFelfeJPischelS (2022) Health-oriented leadership as a job resource: Can staff care buffer the effects of job demands on employee health and job satisfaction?Journal of Managerial Psychology37(2): 139–152.
24.
KulikowskiKSedlakP (2020) Can you buy work engagement? The relationship between pay, fringe benefits, financial bonuses and work engagement. Current Psychology39(1): 343–353.
25.
LeeSGonzalezBDSmallBJ (2021) My job impacts my sleep: Signs and symptoms of insomnia among healthcare workers. Industrial Health59(2): 86–98.
26.
MaurerLFEspieCAOmlinX, et al. (2020) Isolating the role of time in bed restriction in the treatment of insomnia: A randomized, controlled, dismantling trial comparing sleep restriction therapy with time in bed regularization. Sleep43(11), zsaa096.
27.
McNallyRJ (2021) Network analysis of psychopathology: Controversies and challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology17: 31–53.
28.
MillerBJParkerCBRapaportMH, et al. (2019) Insomnia and suicidal ideation in nonaffective psychosis. Sleep42(2), zsy215.
29.
MooreSADowdyENylund-GibsonK, et al. (2019) An empirical approach to complete mental health classification in adolescents. School Mental Health11(3): 438–453.
30.
NylundKLAsparouhovTMuthénBO (2007) Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal14(4): 535–569.
31.
OchiaiYTakahashiMMatsuoT, et al. (2023) Characteristics of long working hours and subsequent psychological and physical responses: JNIOSH cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine80(6): 304–311.
32.
PayneNKinmanG (2019) Job demands, resources and work-related well-being in UK firefighters. Occupational Medicine69(8-9): 604–609.
33.
PerlisMLVargasIEllisJG, et al. (2020) The natural history of insomnia: The incidence of acute insomnia and subsequent progression to chronic insomnia or recovery in good sleeper subjects. Sleep43(6), zsz299.
34.
SmithCELeeSAllenTD (2024) Hard work makes it hard to sleep: Work characteristics link to multidimensional sleep Health phenotypes. Journal of Business and Psychology39(2): 393–410.
35.
SpurkDHirschiAWangM, et al. (2020) Latent profile analysis: A review and “how to” guide of its application within vocational behavior research. Journal of Vocational Behavior120, 103445.
36.
TakanoYIbataRNakanoN, et al. (2022) Impact of sleep debt, social jetlag, and insomnia symptoms on presenteeism and psychological distress of workers in Japan: A cross-sectional study. Biopsychosocial Medicine16(1): 13–18.
37.
TakanoYIbataRNakanoN, et al. (2023) Network analysis to estimate central insomnia symptoms among daytime workers at-risk for insomnia. Scientific Reports13(1): 16406.
38.
van BorkuloCDBorsboomDEpskampS, et al. (2014) A new method for constructing networks from binary data. Scientific Reports4(1): 5918.
39.
van ZylC (2021) A network analysis of the general health questionnaire. Journal of Health Psychology26(2): 249–259.
WallaceDMWohlgemuthWK (2019) Predictors of insomnia severity index profiles in United States veterans with obstructive sleep apnea. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine15(12): 1827–1837.
42.
WangSJülichSTLeiX (2024) Latent profile of the insomnia severity index: A longitudinal study. Sleep Medicine115: 202–209.
43.
Wardle-PinkstonSSlavishDCTaylorDJ (2019) Insomnia and cognitive performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews48: 101205.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
