Expectancies of cancer patients regarding their physical activity before they took part in a behavior change intervention were compared with their experiences during the intervention period. A total of 66 cancer patients completed either a randomly assigned 4-week physical activity or a stress-management counseling intervention. On average, participants had positive expectancies toward physical activity. Outcome expectancies predicted outcomes (e.g. physical activity) at a 10-week follow-up. Outcome realization (discrepancy between expectancies and experiences) further increased explained variance in self-efficacy and physical activity enjoyment. In conclusion, not only initial outcome expectancies but also their realizations seem to be important for subsequent behavior and cognitions.
BanduraA (1986) Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2.
BanduraA (1997) Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Worth Publishers.
3.
BuffartLMKalterJSweegersMG, et al. (2017) Effects and moderators of exercise on quality of life and physical function in patients with cancer: An individual patient data meta-analysis of 34 RCTs. Cancer Treatment Reviews52: 91–104.
4.
CormiePZopfEMZhangX, et al. (2017) The impact of exercise on cancer mortality, recurrence, and treatment-related adverse effects. Epidemiological Reviews39: 71–92.
5.
CoupsEJParkBJFeinsteinMB, et al. (2009) Correlates of physical activity among lung cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology18: 395–404.
6.
CourneyaKS (2009) Physical activity in cancer survivors: A field in motion. Psycho-Oncology18: 337–342.
7.
CrawfordJJHoltNLVallanceJK, et al. (2016) A new paradigm for examining the correlates of aerobic, strength, and combined exercise: An application to gynecologic cancer survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer24: 3533–3541.
8.
Demark-WahnefriedWAzizNMRowlandJH, et al. (2005) Riding the crest of the teachable moment: Promoting long-term health after the diagnosis of cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology23: 5814–5830.
9.
EndrighiRBasen-EngquistKSzetoE, et al. (2016) Self-reported and automatic cognitions are associated with exercise behavior in cancer survivors. Health Psychology35: 824–828.
10.
FuchsR (1994) Konsequenzerwartungen als Determinante des Sport-und Bewegungsverh-altens [Outcome expectancies as a determinant of physical exercise]. Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie2: 269–291.
11.
FuchsR (2013) Sportbezogene Konsequenzer-fahrungen: Das Konstrukt und seine Messung [Exercise-Related Outcome Experiences: The Construct and its Operationalization]. Freiburg: Universität Freiburg.
12.
HoffmannTCDel MarC (2015) Patients’ expectations of the benefits and harms of treatments, screening, and tests: A systematic review. JAMA Internal Medicine175: 274–286.
13.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2017) GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012. Lyon, France: IARC.
14.
KlusmannVMusculusLSproesserG, et al. (2016) Fulfilled emotional outcome expectancies enable successful adoption and maintenance of physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology6: 1990.
15.
LoehrVGBaldwinASRosenfieldD, et al. (2014) Weekly variability in outcome expectations: Examining associations with related physical activity experiences during physical activity initiation. Journal of Health Psychology19: 1309–1319.
16.
MishraSISchererRWSnyderC, et al. (2012) Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. The Cochrane Library. Epub ahead of print 15 August 2012. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD008465.pub2
17.
NeffKKingA (1995) Exercise program adherence in older adults: The importance of achieving one’s expected benefits. Medicine and Exercise in Nutrition and Health4: 355–362.
18.
NudelmanGShilohS (2018) Connectionism and behavioral clusters: Differential patterns in predicting expectations to engage in health behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine52: 890–901.
19.
RogersLQFoglemanAVerhulstS, et al. (2015) Refining measurement of social cognitive theory factors associated with exercise adherence in head and neck cancer patients. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology33: 467–487.
20.
RogersLQMarkwellSHopkins-PriceP, et al. (2011) Reduced barriers mediated physical activity maintenance among breast cancer survivors. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology33: 235–254.
21.
RothmanAJ (2000) Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychology19: 64–69.
22.
SallisJFGrossmanRMPinskiRB, et al. (1987) The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors. Preventive Medicine16: 825–836.
23.
SchmitzKHCourneyaKSMatthewsC, et al. (2010) American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise42: 1409–1426.
24.
SchwarzerR (2008) Modeling health behavior change: How to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Applied Psychology57: 1–29.
25.
SchwarzerRSniehottaFFLippkeS, et al. (2003) On the Assessment and Analysis of Variables in the Health Action Process Approach: Conducting an Investigation. Berlin: Freie Universitaet Berlin.
26.
SearsSRStantonAL (2001) Expectancy-value constructs and expectancy violation as predictors of exercise adherence in previously sedentary women. Health Psychology20: 326–333.
27.
UngarNSieverdingMWeidnerG, et al. (2016a) A self-regulation-based intervention to increase physical activity in cancer patients. Psychology Health & Medicine21: 163–175.
28.
UngarNWiskemannJSieverdingM (2016b) Physical activity enjoyment and self-efficacy as predictors of cancer patients’ exercise behavior. Frontiers in Psychology7: 898.
29.
VallanceJCourneyaK (2012) Social cognitive approaches to understanding exercise motivation and behavior in cancer survivors. In: RobertsGCTreasureCD (eds) Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp. 299–326.
30.
WagenmakersRvan den Akker-ScheekIGroothoffJW, et al. (2008) Reliability and validity of the short questionnaire to assess health-enhancing physical activity (SQUASH) in patients after total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders9: 141.
31.
WeeksJCCatalanoPJCroninA, et al. (2012) Patients’ expectations about effects of chemotherapy for advanced cancer. New England Journal of Medicine367: 1616–1625.
32.
Wendel-VosGCWSchuitAJSarisWHM, et al. (2003) Reproducibility and relative validity of the short questionnaire to assess health-enhancing physical activity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology56: 1163–1169.
33.
WilcoxSCastroCMKingAC (2006) Outcome expectations and physical activity participation in two samples of older women. Journal of Health Psychology11: 65–77.
34.
YoungMPlotnikoffRCollinsC, et al. (2014) Social cognitive theory and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews15: 983–995.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
