The PACE investigators reject Geraghty’s suggestion that the cognitive behavior therapy/graded exercise therapy trial could have been better left to researchers with no stake in the theories under study. The potential sources and standards for determining researcher bias are considered, concluding that the PACE investigators “impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”
American Bar Association, Center for Professional Responsibility (2016) Model code of judicial conduct, Rule 2.11(A)(5).
2.
DanaJLoewensteinG (2003) A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry. Journal of the American Medical Association290(2): 252–255.
3.
DeJongCAguilarTTsengCW. (2016) Pharmaceutical industry–sponsored meals and physician prescribing patterns for Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Internal Medicine176(8): 1114–1122.
4.
DragiotiEDimoliatisIFountoulakisKN. (2015) A systematic appraisal of allegiance effect in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy. Annals of General Psychiatry14: 25.
5.
GeraghtyKJ (2016) “PACE-Gate”: When clinical trial evidence meets open data access. Journal of Health Psychology22(9): 1106–1112.
6.
GeyhCGAlfiniJJLubetS. (2013) Judicial Conduct and Ethics (5th edn). New York: LexisNexis.
7.
GroopmanJ (2007) How Doctors Think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
8.
Judicial Conference of the United States, Code of Conduct for United States Judges, Canon 3C(1) (2017)
9.
KatzDCaplanALMerzJF (2010) All gifts large and small: Toward an understanding of the ethics of pharmaceutical industry gift-giving. American Journal of Bioethics10(10): 11–17.
10.
King’s College London (2014) Improved evaluation and treatment outcome for chronic fatigue syndrome. Impact case study for the Research Excellence Framework. Available at: http://impact.ref.ac.uk/CaseStudies/CaseStudy.aspx?Id=17492, accessed 22 February 2017.
11.
KornDEhringhausS (2007) The Scientific Basis of Influence and Reciprocity: A Symposium. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges.
12.
LundhASismondoSLexchinJ. (2012) Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews12: MR000033.
13.
MunderTBrütschOLeonhartR. (2013) Researcher allegiance in psychotherapy outcome research: An overview of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review33(4): 501–511.
14.
MunderTFlückigerCGergerH. (2012) Is the allegiance effect an epiphenomenon of true efficacy differences between treatments? A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology59(4): 631–637.
SteinmanMAShlipakMGMcPheeSJ (2001) Of principles and pens: Attitudes and practices of medicine housestaff toward pharmaceutical industry promotions. American Journal of Medicine110(7): 551–557.
17.
United States Code, Title 28§455(a) (2017).
18.
United States Supreme Court, Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868 (2009).
19.
United States Supreme Court, Williams v. Pennsylvania. 136 S.Ct 1899 (2016).
20.
University of Oxford (2014) Development and demonstration of the first effective therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. Impact case study for the Research Excellence Framework. Available at: http://impact.ref.ac.uk/CaseStudies/CaseStudy.aspx?Id=17492, accessed 22 February 2017.
21.
WesselySDavidAButlerS. (1989) Management of chronic (post-viral) fatigue syndrome. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners39(318): 26–29.
22.
WhitePDChalderTSharpeM. (2017) Response to the editorial by Dr Geraghty. Journal of Health Psychology22(9): 1113–1117.
23.
WhitePDGoldsmithKAJohnsonAL. (2011) Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): A randomised trial. The Lancet377(9768): 823–836.
